Ch 12: The Respiratory System and the Skin

Question 1

Simple multicellular organisms such as _________ (jellyfish and hydra) can still receive sufficient oxygen by diffusion between cells and the environment.

Answer 1

coelenterates

p. 440

Question 2

Simple movement of air into and out of the lungs is properly called _________, whereas the actual exchange of gases is called __________.

Answer 2

ventilation

respiration

p. 440

Question 3

What part of glucose metabolism produces CO2?

Answer 3

pyruvate dehydrogenase and the Krebs cycle, during cellular respiration

p. 440

Question 4

Inhaled air follows this pathway: nose –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> _______ –> trachea –> bronchi –> terminal bronchioles –> _______ _______ –> alveolar ducts –> alveoli.

Answer 4

larynx

respiratory bronchioles

p. 441

Question 5

Which structures are the smallest and final branches of the conduction zone?

Answer 5

terminal bronchioles

p. 441

Question 6

What type of epithelia line the conduction zone of the respiratory tract?

Within this epithelia are specialized cells that secrete mucus; these are called ______ cells.

Answer 6

tall columnar epithelia

goblet

p. 443

Question 7

What are the gas-exchanging surfaces of the lungs lined with?
What type of cells are these?

Answer 7

simple squamous epithelia
Type 1 alveolar cells.

p. 443

Question 8

Does surfactant increase or decrease surface tension on alveoli?

What type of cell secretes surfactant?

Answer 8

It decreases surface tension, making them easier to inflate.

Type 2 alveolar cells (these are fat, cuboidal epithelial cells).

p. 444

Question 9

The expansion of the chest during inspiration is driven primarily by _________ of the diaphragm.

Answer 9

contraction

p. 446

Question 10

Resting expiration is a _______ process (no muscle contraction required), while forced expiration is an ______ process.

Answer 10

passive
active

p. 446

Question 11

Where does pressure become negative or more negative during inspiration?

Answer 11

The pleural pressure becomes more negative, and pressure in the alveoli becomes negative.

p. 447

Question 12

What becomes impossible when a lung collapses?

Answer 12

inspiration

p. 447

Question 13

Tidal volume is equal to about __% of the total volume of the lungs.
Example values?

Answer 13

10%

0. 5 L TV out of 5 L total volume
   p. 448

Question 14

Total lung capacity is the sum of….

Answer 14

….vital capacity plus residual volume.

p. 448

Question 15

An interesting feature of emphysema is that lung elasticity gets reduced, and since there is less of a recoil force drawing alveoli inward, the pleural pressure will be ____ negative.

Answer 15

less

p. 448

Question 16

Why don’t the lipid bilayers of the alveolar and capillary cells act as barriers to the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 16

Because they permit small hydrophobic molecules to freely diffuse.

p. 450

Question 17

During vigorous muscle activity, myoglobin in muscle cells is able to take oxygen from RBC hemoglobin because myoglobin has a ______ ________ for oxygen in this state.

Answer 17

higher affinity

Question 18

Where is the respiratory control center located?

Answer 18

in the medulla of the brain stem

p. 452

Question 19

The stimuli that affect ventilation rate are both _________ and ________

Answer 19

mechanical and chemical

p. 452

Question 20

Peripheral chemoreceptors found in the aorta and carotid arteries monitor the PCO₂, pH, and pO₂ of the blood, while central chemoreceptors are found in the medullary respiratory control center and monitor pCO₂ and pH of the ___ (but not O₂). Note that CO₂ and pH are the primary regulators and O₂ is _________.

Answer 20

CSF

secondary

p. 452

Question 21

During an allergy attack, mast cells release histamine, which also causes _________.

This is why asthma/allergy medication contains epinephrine, antihistamines, and ___________.

Answer 21

bronchoconstriction

anticholinergics

p. 453

Question 22

There are irritant receptors in the lung that trigger ________ and/or bronchoconstriction when an irritating chemical (such as smoke) is detected. This contractile response is determined by ___________ nerves that release acetylcholine.

Answer 22

coughing

parasympathetic

p. 453

Question 23

During inspiration, the diaphragm is _________ and _________, and the ________ intercostal muscles pull the ribs ______ expanding the rib cage.

Answer 23

contracted and flattened

external

upward

Question 24

If we exhale actively (instead of passively), the ________ intercostal muscles and abdominals pull the rib cage down, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 24

internal

Question 25

When looking at Henry’s law, think of K_H as the desire for gas molecules to _____ ___ ______.

Answer 25

leave the liquid

Question 26

State Fick’s law of diffusion.

Answer 26

Question 27

Baroreceptors are a type of __________.

Answer 27

mechanoreceptor

Question 28

Vital capacity includes ___ + ___ + __

Think of vital capacity as all the volume(s) that can be __________ ________.

Answer 28

ERV + TV + IRV (expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

consciously changed