chapter 4 test review sheet Flashcards
What is an enzyme?
Proteins that allow chemical reactions in the body to speed up
What is anabolism?
process in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules.
What is catabolism?
relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded.
Compare anabolism and catabolism
the energy from catabolism provides the energy for anabolism.
Contrast anabolism and catabolism
Anabolism requires energy to grow and build. Catabolism uses energy to break down.
What is metabolism?
The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism (made up of both anabolism and catabolism)
Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy.
What is a polypeptide bond?
the bond used by amino acids to form proteins
What is a dipeptide?
A dipeptide is formed when two Amino acids join together by one peptide bond
What is a polypeptide?
chains of amino acids
Enzymes act as catalysts, what does this mean?
they lower the activation energy for reactions
What is a substrate?
a molecule acted upon by an enzyme
What is the active site?
the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction
What is significant about the shape of an enzyme?
the shape is formed specific to the substrate
What do catalyst/enzyme names end with?
“-ase”
What is a cofactor?
a non-protein chemical that assists with a reaction
What is a coenzyme?
an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction
What is cell respiration?
organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions
What is ATP?
A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA
What is ADP?
In metabolism, it is essential to the flow of energy in living cells
Anaerobic vs. aerobic
Aerobic Respiration — Takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration –Takes place in the absence of oxygen
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
What are the building blocks of DNA?
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
What types of bonds are present in DNA?
Covalent bonds occur within each strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups. Hydrogen bonds occur between the two strands and involve a base from one strand, with a base from the second matching pairing
What are genes?
Genes carry the information that determines your traits
What is a genome?
the genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.
What is an exome?
consists of all the genome’s exons, which are the coding portions of genes
When does replication occur and why?
occurs prior to cell division, when one cell splits into two identical daughter cells. This ensures that each daughter cell gets a copy of the genome
What is DNA polymerase?
enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
What is exome sequenceing?
exome sequencing is a type of genetic sequencing used to understand what may be causing symptoms or a disease
How is RNA different from DNA?
1- RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded
2- RNA contains uracil while DNA contains thymine
3- RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose
What are 3 types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
What is transcription?
the information in a strand of DNA is copied into mRNA
Where does transcription occur and what is made?
takes place in the cytoplasm, and RNA is produced
What is translation?
the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in mRNA
Where does translation occur and what is made?
Translation takes place on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized protein
What is a codon?
three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
Where are codons located?
Codons are present on an mRNA or DNA
What is an anticodon and where is it located?
three nucleotides in a region of tRNA
