chapter 4 test review sheet Flashcards

1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that allow chemical reactions in the body to speed up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

process in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compare anabolism and catabolism

A

the energy from catabolism provides the energy for anabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Contrast anabolism and catabolism

A

Anabolism requires energy to grow and build. Catabolism uses energy to break down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism (made up of both anabolism and catabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis

A

Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a polypeptide bond?

A

the bond used by amino acids to form proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

A dipeptide is formed when two Amino acids join together by one peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

chains of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzymes act as catalysts, what does this mean?

A

they lower the activation energy for reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a molecule acted upon by an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the active site?

A

the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is significant about the shape of an enzyme?

A

the shape is formed specific to the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do catalyst/enzyme names end with?

A

“-ase”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

a non-protein chemical that assists with a reaction

17
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction

18
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions

19
Q

What is ATP?

A

A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA

20
Q

What is ADP?

A

In metabolism, it is essential to the flow of energy in living cells

21
Q

Anaerobic vs. aerobic

A

Aerobic Respiration — Takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration –Takes place in the absence of oxygen

22
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

23
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

24
Q

What types of bonds are present in DNA?

A

Covalent bonds occur within each strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups. Hydrogen bonds occur between the two strands and involve a base from one strand, with a base from the second matching pairing

25
What are genes?
Genes carry the information that determines your traits
26
What is a genome?
the genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.
27
What is an exome?
consists of all the genome's exons, which are the coding portions of genes
28
When does replication occur and why?
occurs prior to cell division, when one cell splits into two identical daughter cells. This ensures that each daughter cell gets a copy of the genome
29
What is DNA polymerase?
enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
30
What is exome sequenceing?
exome sequencing is a type of genetic sequencing used to understand what may be causing symptoms or a disease
31
How is RNA different from DNA?
1- RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded 2- RNA contains uracil while DNA contains thymine 3- RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose
32
What are 3 types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
33
What is transcription?
the information in a strand of DNA is copied into mRNA
34
Where does transcription occur and what is made?
takes place in the cytoplasm, and RNA is produced
35
What is translation?
the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in mRNA
36
Where does translation occur and what is made?
Translation takes place on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized protein
37
What is a codon?
three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
38
Where are codons located?
Codons are present on an mRNA or DNA
39
What is an anticodon and where is it located?
three nucleotides in a region of tRNA