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Brain & Nerves 275 > Chapter 4 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

5-hydroxytrytophan

A

the immediate precursor for serotonin

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2
Q

acetyl CoA

A

a precursor molecule from which acetylcholine is synthesized

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3
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

the breakdown enzyme for ACH

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4
Q

active zone

A

the region located just behind the presynaptic membrane in which vesicles about to fuse with the membrane congregate

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5
Q

adrenalin

A

a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from norepinephrine - also called epinephrine

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6
Q

agonistic effect

A

an increase in the normal activity in a synapse due to the presence of a drug

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7
Q

AMPA receptor

A

an inotropic glutamate receptor with a sodium channel

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8
Q

antagonistic effect

A

a reduction in the normal activity in a synapse due to the presence of a drug

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9
Q

aromatase

A

the enzymes that converts testosterone to estradiol

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10
Q

atropine

A

a competitive antagonistic drug for muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

axo axonic synapse

A

a synapse onto an axon terminal

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12
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

a synapse formed on the dendritic tree of the target cell

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13
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

a synapse formed on the soma of the target cell

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14
Q

batrachotoxin

A

a toxin that irreversibly activates sodium channels

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15
Q

botulinum toxin

A

a drug that inhibits the presynaptic release of the ACh

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16
Q

calmodulin

A

protein that calcium binds to which in turn causes synapsin to change shape and release the vesicle

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17
Q

COMT

A

the breakdown enzyme for catecholamine neurotransmitters

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18
Q

catecholamines

A

monoamine neurotransmitters synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

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19
Q

cholesterol

A

the lipid molecule that acts as the precursor for steroid hormones

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20
Q

choline acetyltranferase (ChAT)

A

the synthesis enzyme for acetylcholine

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21
Q

connexon

A

the ion channel in a gap junction

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22
Q

cortisol

A

the main stress hormone in the human body

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23
Q

curare

A

a drug that blocks nicotinic ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

deadly nightshade

A

the plant from which atropine is obtained

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25
Q

dopamine

A

a catecholamine neurotransmitter

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26
Q

drug

A

an external chemical that alters the function of body systems

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27
Q

dynorphin

A

a peptide the blocks glutamate receptors

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28
Q

endocrine glands

A

organs that release hormones

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29
Q

endorphins

A

a class of peptide molecules that activate opiate receptors

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30
Q

enkephalins

A

a sub class of endorphins

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31
Q

estrogen

A

a class of sex hormone typically found in highest concentration in females

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32
Q

EPSP

A

a transient depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making the cell more likely to fire

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33
Q

g protein

A

a protein activated by metabotropic receptors

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34
Q

GABA

A

the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

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35
Q

gap junction

A

the direct physical connection between neurons

36
Q

glutamate

A

the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

37
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency for the body to maintain optimum conditions

38
Q

hormone

A

a chemical released into the blood stream that influences activity in other body regions

39
Q

indoleamines

A

monoamine neurotransmitters synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan

40
Q

IPSP

A

a transient hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making the cells less likely to fire

41
Q

intravenous injections

A

a method of directly administering drugs into the vein

42
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

receptor molecules with a binding site and an ion channel

43
Q

kainate receptor

A

a subtype of glutamate receptor

44
Q

LTP

A

a permanent change in synaptic sensitivity brought about high frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs

45
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

receptor molecules bound to G proteins

46
Q

MAO

A

the breakdown enzymes for monoamine neurotransmitters

47
Q

monoamines

A

neurotransmitters synthesized from a single amino acid

48
Q

motor end plate

A

the receptive region of a neuromuscular junction

49
Q

motor neuron

A

a neuron that activates a muscle cell

50
Q

muscarine receptors

A

a metabotropic acetylcholine receptor activated by muscarine

51
Q

naloxone

A

a competitive antagonist drug for heroin

52
Q

negative feedback system

A

a system that turns off a process once optimum conditions have been reeastblished

53
Q

neuromodulator

A

a molecule that influences the strength of normal synaptic transmission in an area

54
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the point of connection between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

55
Q

neuropharmacology

A

the study of effects of drugs on the nervous system

56
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

an inotropic acetylcholine receptor activated by nicotine

57
Q

nitric oxide

A

a soluble gas that may act as a retrograde messenger

58
Q

NMDA receptor

A

a subtype of glutamate receptor that possess a calcium channel

59
Q

norepinephrine

A

a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from dopamine

60
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs in the body

61
Q

poison

A

toxins that are swallowed

62
Q

post synaptic membrane

A

the membrane of the dendritic spine or soma

63
Q

pre synaptic inhibition

A

a reduction in the release of neurotransmitter from the terminal

64
Q

pre synaptic membrane

A

the membrane of the axon terminal

65
Q

presynaptic autoreceptor

A

the metabotropic receptor of the pre-synaptic membrane that, when activated, stops the release of more neurotransmitters.

66
Q

progesterone

A

sex hormone required for pregnancy

67
Q

protein hormones

A

water-soluble hormones that bind with metabotropic receptors on the cell membrane

68
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on behaviour

69
Q

receptor affinity

A

the ease with which a ligand binds with its receptor

70
Q

releasing factors

A

chemicals released by hypothalamic cells to activate the pituitary gland

71
Q

retrograde messengers

A

an agent that diffuses from the dendrite back to the axon terminal

72
Q

reuptake

A

the process in which neurotransmitter is cleared from the synapse by transporter molecules

73
Q

ricin

A

a toxin that prevents protein synthesis.

74
Q

second messenger

A

an internal cellular molecule that can activate other chemical reactions

75
Q

serotonin

A

an indoleamines neurotransmitter

76
Q

spatial summation

A

summation of post-synaptic potentials occurring simultaneously at different synapses

77
Q

steroid hormones

A

a class of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol

78
Q

substance P

A

a peptide neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain signals

79
Q

synapsin

A

the protein that holds vesicles in place in the presynaptic terminal and that is released by free calcium in the cell

80
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

relatively long-term changes in synaptic sensitivity brought about by experience

81
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space between the axon terminal and the dendritic spine

82
Q

temporal summation

A

summation of successive post synaptic potentials at the same synapse

83
Q

testosterone

A

a sex hormone required for sexual development

84
Q

toxin

A

any substance that prevents the normal function of cells or organelles

85
Q

tryptophan

A

the precursor amino acid from which indolamine neurotransmitters are synthesized

86
Q

venom

A

toxins that are injected under the skin.

Brain & Nerves 275 (7 decks)

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