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Brain & Nerves 275 > Chapter 4 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

5-hydroxytrytophan

A

the immediate precursor for serotonin

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2
Q

acetyl CoA

A

a precursor molecule from which acetylcholine is synthesized

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3
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

the breakdown enzyme for ACH

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4
Q

active zone

A

the region located just behind the presynaptic membrane in which vesicles about to fuse with the membrane congregate

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5
Q

adrenalin

A

a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from norepinephrine - also called epinephrine

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6
Q

agonistic effect

A

an increase in the normal activity in a synapse due to the presence of a drug

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7
Q

AMPA receptor

A

an inotropic glutamate receptor with a sodium channel

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8
Q

antagonistic effect

A

a reduction in the normal activity in a synapse due to the presence of a drug

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9
Q

aromatase

A

the enzymes that converts testosterone to estradiol

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10
Q

atropine

A

a competitive antagonistic drug for muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

axo axonic synapse

A

a synapse onto an axon terminal

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12
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

a synapse formed on the dendritic tree of the target cell

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13
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

a synapse formed on the soma of the target cell

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14
Q

batrachotoxin

A

a toxin that irreversibly activates sodium channels

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15
Q

botulinum toxin

A

a drug that inhibits the presynaptic release of the ACh

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16
Q

calmodulin

A

protein that calcium binds to which in turn causes synapsin to change shape and release the vesicle

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17
Q

COMT

A

the breakdown enzyme for catecholamine neurotransmitters

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18
Q

catecholamines

A

monoamine neurotransmitters synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

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19
Q

cholesterol

A

the lipid molecule that acts as the precursor for steroid hormones

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20
Q

choline acetyltranferase (ChAT)

A

the synthesis enzyme for acetylcholine

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21
Q

connexon

A

the ion channel in a gap junction

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22
Q

cortisol

A

the main stress hormone in the human body

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23
Q

curare

A

a drug that blocks nicotinic ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

deadly nightshade

A

the plant from which atropine is obtained

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25
dopamine
a catecholamine neurotransmitter
26
drug
an external chemical that alters the function of body systems
27
dynorphin
a peptide the blocks glutamate receptors
28
endocrine glands
organs that release hormones
29
endorphins
a class of peptide molecules that activate opiate receptors
30
enkephalins
a sub class of endorphins
31
estrogen
a class of sex hormone typically found in highest concentration in females
32
EPSP
a transient depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making the cell more likely to fire
33
g protein
a protein activated by metabotropic receptors
34
GABA
the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
35
gap junction
the direct physical connection between neurons
36
glutamate
the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
37
homeostasis
the tendency for the body to maintain optimum conditions
38
hormone
a chemical released into the blood stream that influences activity in other body regions
39
indoleamines
monoamine neurotransmitters synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan
40
IPSP
a transient hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making the cells less likely to fire
41
intravenous injections
a method of directly administering drugs into the vein
42
ionotropic receptors
receptor molecules with a binding site and an ion channel
43
kainate receptor
a subtype of glutamate receptor
44
LTP
a permanent change in synaptic sensitivity brought about high frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs
45
metabotropic receptors
receptor molecules bound to G proteins
46
MAO
the breakdown enzymes for monoamine neurotransmitters
47
monoamines
neurotransmitters synthesized from a single amino acid
48
motor end plate
the receptive region of a neuromuscular junction
49
motor neuron
a neuron that activates a muscle cell
50
muscarine receptors
a metabotropic acetylcholine receptor activated by muscarine
51
naloxone
a competitive antagonist drug for heroin
52
negative feedback system
a system that turns off a process once optimum conditions have been reeastblished
53
neuromodulator
a molecule that influences the strength of normal synaptic transmission in an area
54
neuromuscular junction
the point of connection between a motor neuron and a muscle cell
55
neuropharmacology
the study of effects of drugs on the nervous system
56
nicotinic receptor
an inotropic acetylcholine receptor activated by nicotine
57
nitric oxide
a soluble gas that may act as a retrograde messenger
58
NMDA receptor
a subtype of glutamate receptor that possess a calcium channel
59
norepinephrine
a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from dopamine
60
pharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs in the body
61
poison
toxins that are swallowed
62
post synaptic membrane
the membrane of the dendritic spine or soma
63
pre synaptic inhibition
a reduction in the release of neurotransmitter from the terminal
64
pre synaptic membrane
the membrane of the axon terminal
65
presynaptic autoreceptor
the metabotropic receptor of the pre-synaptic membrane that, when activated, stops the release of more neurotransmitters.
66
progesterone
sex hormone required for pregnancy
67
protein hormones
water-soluble hormones that bind with metabotropic receptors on the cell membrane
68
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on behaviour
69
receptor affinity
the ease with which a ligand binds with its receptor
70
releasing factors
chemicals released by hypothalamic cells to activate the pituitary gland
71
retrograde messengers
an agent that diffuses from the dendrite back to the axon terminal
72
reuptake
the process in which neurotransmitter is cleared from the synapse by transporter molecules
73
ricin
a toxin that prevents protein synthesis.
74
second messenger
an internal cellular molecule that can activate other chemical reactions
75
serotonin
an indoleamines neurotransmitter
76
spatial summation
summation of post-synaptic potentials occurring simultaneously at different synapses
77
steroid hormones
a class of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
78
substance P
a peptide neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain signals
79
synapsin
the protein that holds vesicles in place in the presynaptic terminal and that is released by free calcium in the cell
80
synaptic plasticity
relatively long-term changes in synaptic sensitivity brought about by experience
81
synaptic cleft
the space between the axon terminal and the dendritic spine
82
temporal summation
summation of successive post synaptic potentials at the same synapse
83
testosterone
a sex hormone required for sexual development
84
toxin
any substance that prevents the normal function of cells or organelles
85
tryptophan
the precursor amino acid from which indolamine neurotransmitters are synthesized
86
venom
toxins that are injected under the skin.

Brain & Nerves 275 (7 decks)

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