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Brain & Nerves 275 > Ch. 4 Module 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

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2
Q

What is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

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3
Q

What are GABA A receptors?

A

They are inotropic and have chloride channels.

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4
Q

What are GABA B receptors?

A

They are metabotropic and they open potassium channels in the membrane.

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5
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of monamines:

A

indoleamines & catecholamines

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6
Q

catecholamines include

A

dopamine, norepinephrine

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7
Q

What are catecholamines broken down by?

A

COMT & MAO

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8
Q

Indoleamines include, and are broken down by what?

A

Serotonin, and is only broken MAO

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9
Q

What are the rule for determining if a substance is a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Present in presynaptic vesicles
  2. Must occur naturally within system
  3. Must be released when an action potential invades the terminal.
  4. produce a PSP when applied
  5. Should have specific receptor in post synaptic membrane
  6. reception should lead to change in membrane potential of dendritic spine
  7. some specific mechanism should exist for inactivation of substance once released
  8. sam effect for stimulating nerve and releasing chemical on dendritic spine.
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10
Q

What are amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

simple molecules and do not need a synthesis pathway

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11
Q

What are the 2 amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate & GABA

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12
Q

Glutamate

A
  • is a very common chemical in the brain
  • it is produced in the Krebs cycle
  • all cells have glutamate
  • it is excitatory
  • crucial in the process of long term potentiation
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of iontropic glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA
NMDA
Kainate

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14
Q

AMPA

A
  • responds strongly to the drug
  • has a sodium channel
  • generates an EPSP
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15
Q

Kainate

A
  • has a sodium channel
  • responds to a neurotoxin called kainic acid that is obtained from sea weed.
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16
Q

NMDA

A
  • has a calcium channel
  • is crucial in LTP
  • NMDA receptor is blocked at RP by magnesium ion
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17
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • is found in skeletal muscle synapses
  • is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the PNS
  • heavily involved in Alzheimer’s disease
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18
Q

What are the two types of receptors for ACh?

A

Nicotine (PNS) & Muscarine (CNS)

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19
Q

Explain what the torpedo fish does?

A
  • the torpedo fish generated electric shocks to stun prey and deter predators
20
Q

What are monoamine neurotransmitters?

A
  • are constructed from single amino acids and are broken down by monoamine oxidase
21
Q

What is tyrosine?

A

is the precursor amino acid of catecholamines

22
Q

what is tryptophan?

A

is the precursor amino acid of indoleamines

23
Q

What is the breakdown enzyme that breaks down Tyrosine into DOPA?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)

24
Q

What is the breakdown enzymes that breaks down DOPA into Dopamine?

A

Dopa Decarboxylase

25
Q

What is Dopamine?

A
  • has a dopaminergic synapse
  • dopamine is inhibitory at most CNS synapses
  • involved in Parkinson’s disease.
26
Q

Are D1 dopamine receptors excitatory or inhibitory? and why?

A

are excitatory because they increase cAMP at the dendritic spine. Increasing cAMP means more sodium channels are open, depolarizing the membrane.

27
Q

Are D2 dopamine receptors excitatory or inhibitory? and why?

A

are inhibitory because they decrease cAMP levels.

28
Q

The pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens is what?

A

dopaminergic

29
Q

What is the breakdown enzyme that breaks down dopamine to norepinephrine?

A

DBH

30
Q

What is the breakdown enzyme for Serotonin?

A

MAO

31
Q

Serotonin

A

Is the neurotransmitter that is released by the raphe nucleus

32
Q

Where does is LSD obtained from?

A

From ergot - wheat or rye when it is damp and warm

33
Q

What are the natural ligands in the brain?

A

Enkephalins

34
Q

What are the 2 classes of endogenous opiate receptors that enkephalins activate?

A

Mu and Delta

35
Q

Mu receptors

A

are the most general and are activated by endorphins and enkephalins but have the highest affinity for opiate drugs

36
Q

Delta receptors

A

are only activated by enkephalins and opiate drugs.

37
Q

What plays a major role in transmission of pain signals to the brain?

A

Substance P

38
Q

What is the foundation molecule of ATP?

A

Adenosine

39
Q

What does naloxone do?

A

It treats overdoses by knocking the opiate off the receptor

40
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A
  • it is a messenger in many parts of the body
  • one main function may be involved in long term potentiation
  • functions as a retrograde messenger
41
Q

Where are hormones released from?

A

secretory cells

42
Q

What is the master endocrine gland in the body?

A

the pituitary gland

43
Q

Explain how steroid hormones interact with the cell?

A
  • enter cells and activate genes in the nucleus
  • steroid hormones bond inside the cell
  • water soluble hormones bind outside the cell
44
Q

alpha receptors inhibit what?

A

adenylate cyclase to reduce second messenger levels

45
Q

Beta Receptors activate what?

A

adenylate cycle to increase second messenger levels.

Brain & Nerves 275 (7 decks)

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