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Brain & Nerves 275 > Chapter 3 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the period after the action potential when another action potential cannot occur

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2
Q

ATP

A

the molecules that stores cellular energy in high energy bonds between phosphate groups

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3
Q

all or none law

A

the principle governing action potentials where whenever the membrane threshold is reached action potentials with the same amplitude will always occur

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4
Q

amino acid

A

a molecule in which proteins are synthesized

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5
Q

anabolic reactions

A

reactions in which molecules are joined together

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6
Q

anion

A

a negative ion

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7
Q

anterograde transport

A

transport of materials away from the neuron’s soma

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8
Q

astrocyte

A

a glial cell that cleans up cellular debris and controls external environment for neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

the long projection from the soma where action potentials are generated and propagated

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10
Q

axon terminal

A

a thickened region at the end of an axon (pre synaptic terminal)

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11
Q

axon hillock

A

the point at which an axon joins its cell body and the first part of the cell that is capable of generating an action potential

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12
Q

axon collaterals

A

axon branches that leave the main axon well before it reaches its terminal branches

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13
Q

axonal transport

A

the transport of vesicles along microtubules

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14
Q

bipolar neuron

A

a neuron with two projections from the soma

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15
Q

catabolic reactions

A

reactions in which molecules are split apart

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16
Q

cation

A

a positive ion

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17
Q

chemically gated channel

A

an ion channel that opens when a molecule reaches its binding site

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18
Q

chromosome

A

a long coiled strand of DNA

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19
Q

codon

A

a series of 3 base pairs that codes for specific amino acid during protein synthesis

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

where ions are in a higher concentration in one area than in another, causing a net movement of ions to the low concentration area

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21
Q

conductance

A

the ease with which an ion can pass through the membrane

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22
Q

cytoplasm

A

the internal contents of the cell

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23
Q

cytoskeleton

A

the internal cellular skeleton comprised of microtubules

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24
Q

cytosol

A

the liquid found inside the cell

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25
decremental conduction
the gradual reduction of the intensity of a sub-threshold electrical event as it spreads under the myelin sheath or along a dendrite
26
dendrite
a short, threadlike extension from the neuron soma that conducts electrical events as it spreads under the myelin sheath or along a dendrite
27
dendritic spine
a specialized region on a dendrite that contains receptor molecules for the neurotransmitter liberated into the synapse
28
depolarization
an event in which the membrane potential becomes more positive
29
diffusion
ions moving from high concentration to low concentration
30
electrostatic gradient
a condition where charged particles are attracted to a region of the opposite charge
31
endoplasmic reticulum
a membrane-bound network of tubes and channels found inside the cell
32
enzymes
proteins that facilitate chemical reactions but are not changed themselves
33
ECF
the CSF that surrounds all neurons
34
gene
a length of DNA that codes for a specific protein or other functional product in the cell
35
glial cell
cells that support neurons and help to regulate their external environemnt
36
golgi body
a series of flattened tubes or chambers that process cellular vesicles
37
hyper polarization
an event in which the membrane potential becomes more negative
38
ions
charged particles that generate bioelectrical signals
39
leak channel
a gated potassium channel that provides control over potassium concentration inside the neuron
40
membrane transporters
molecules that carry other molecules, such as neurotransmitters, across the cell membrane
41
membrane threshold
the value of the membrane potential at which an action potential will occur
42
mRNA
the molecule that carries the DNA code for a protein to the ribosome
43
metabolism
the chemical process that occur in the cell
44
microglia
immune cells found in the brain and the spinal cord
45
micro trabecular lattice
part of the cytoskeleton of the neuron
46
microtubules
microscopic tubes that extend throughout the neuron
47
mitochondrion
a cellular organelle that provides energy for the neuron
48
multipolar neuron
a neuron with several projects from the soma
49
myelin sheath
a fatty insulating layer that wraps around an axon
50
neural compartment
the physical space surrounding a neuron
51
neurofilament
long, thin components of the cytoskelaton
52
nitrogen base
the molecules that form the runs in the DNA double helix molecule
53
node of ranvier
a bare region on a myelinated axon
54
nucleotides
the side molecule in the DNA double helix
55
nucleus
the cellular organelle that contains DNA also a brain region where synapses occur and information processing takes place
56
oligodendrocyte
a glial cell in the CNS that forms insulin sheaths around several axons
57
passive spread
the movement of a sub-threshold potential along an axon or dendrite
58
phospholipid
the basic molecule that makes up the neuronal membrane
59
phospholipid bilayer
the structure of the cell membrane and several membrane-bound cellular organelles
60
phosphorylation
a process in which a phosphate group is transferred to a target molecule, activating that molecule
61
potassium leak channels
potassium channels that remain open for a long time contributing to the resting potential
62
potential
a tendency for ions to move in a solution
63
protein kinases
an enzyme that is activated through phosphorylation
64
rate law
the finding that frequency of firing in a neuron increases as the intensity of the stimulus increases
65
receptor
a protein molecule with a binding site and an ion channel
66
relative refractory period
the period after the absolute refractory period when it takes stronger stimulus to produce another action potential
67
resistance
the tendency of the axon to prevent passive spread along its length
68
resting potential
the polarized state of the neuron when it is at rest
69
retrograde transport
transport of material back to the neuron's soma
70
ribosome
the cellular organelle where protein synthesis occurs
71
saltatory conduction
conduction along a myelinated axon in which an action potential appears to jump from node to node
72
Schwann cell
a glial cell in the PNS that forms an insulin sheath around a single axon
73
soma
in a neuron the thickened region containing the nucleus
74
bioelectric signals
electrical currents generated by the movement of ions across a membrane
75
sodium/potassium pump
a membrane transporter that contributes to the resting potential by carrying three sodium ions out of cell and two potassium into the cell
76
TEA
blocks potassium channels
77
TTX
obtained from puffer fish, selectively blocks sodium channel
78
transfer RNA (tRNA)
the molecule at the ribosome that binds with mRNA during protein synthesis
79
unipolar neuron
a neuron, typically a sensory neuron, with only a single projection from the soma
80
vesicle
a spherical membrane-bound package that contains cellular chemicals, such as neurotransmitters
81
voltage-gated channels
an ion channel that opens when ions flow by it

Brain & Nerves 275 (7 decks)

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