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Brain & Nerves 275 > Chapter 3 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the period after the action potential when another action potential cannot occur

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2
Q

ATP

A

the molecules that stores cellular energy in high energy bonds between phosphate groups

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3
Q

all or none law

A

the principle governing action potentials where whenever the membrane threshold is reached action potentials with the same amplitude will always occur

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4
Q

amino acid

A

a molecule in which proteins are synthesized

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5
Q

anabolic reactions

A

reactions in which molecules are joined together

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6
Q

anion

A

a negative ion

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7
Q

anterograde transport

A

transport of materials away from the neuron’s soma

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8
Q

astrocyte

A

a glial cell that cleans up cellular debris and controls external environment for neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

the long projection from the soma where action potentials are generated and propagated

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10
Q

axon terminal

A

a thickened region at the end of an axon (pre synaptic terminal)

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11
Q

axon hillock

A

the point at which an axon joins its cell body and the first part of the cell that is capable of generating an action potential

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12
Q

axon collaterals

A

axon branches that leave the main axon well before it reaches its terminal branches

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13
Q

axonal transport

A

the transport of vesicles along microtubules

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14
Q

bipolar neuron

A

a neuron with two projections from the soma

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15
Q

catabolic reactions

A

reactions in which molecules are split apart

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16
Q

cation

A

a positive ion

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17
Q

chemically gated channel

A

an ion channel that opens when a molecule reaches its binding site

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18
Q

chromosome

A

a long coiled strand of DNA

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19
Q

codon

A

a series of 3 base pairs that codes for specific amino acid during protein synthesis

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

where ions are in a higher concentration in one area than in another, causing a net movement of ions to the low concentration area

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21
Q

conductance

A

the ease with which an ion can pass through the membrane

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22
Q

cytoplasm

A

the internal contents of the cell

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23
Q

cytoskeleton

A

the internal cellular skeleton comprised of microtubules

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24
Q

cytosol

A

the liquid found inside the cell

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25
Q

decremental conduction

A

the gradual reduction of the intensity of a sub-threshold electrical event as it spreads under the myelin sheath or along a dendrite

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26
Q

dendrite

A

a short, threadlike extension from the neuron soma that conducts electrical events as it spreads under the myelin sheath or along a dendrite

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27
Q

dendritic spine

A

a specialized region on a dendrite that contains receptor molecules for the neurotransmitter liberated into the synapse

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28
Q

depolarization

A

an event in which the membrane potential becomes more positive

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29
Q

diffusion

A

ions moving from high concentration to low concentration

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30
Q

electrostatic gradient

A

a condition where charged particles are attracted to a region of the opposite charge

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31
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a membrane-bound network of tubes and channels found inside the cell

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32
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that facilitate chemical reactions but are not changed themselves

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33
Q

ECF

A

the CSF that surrounds all neurons

34
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a specific protein or other functional product in the cell

35
Q

glial cell

A

cells that support neurons and help to regulate their external environemnt

36
Q

golgi body

A

a series of flattened tubes or chambers that process cellular vesicles

37
Q

hyper polarization

A

an event in which the membrane potential becomes more negative

38
Q

ions

A

charged particles that generate bioelectrical signals

39
Q

leak channel

A

a gated potassium channel that provides control over potassium concentration inside the neuron

40
Q

membrane transporters

A

molecules that carry other molecules, such as neurotransmitters, across the cell membrane

41
Q

membrane threshold

A

the value of the membrane potential at which an action potential will occur

42
Q

mRNA

A

the molecule that carries the DNA code for a protein to the ribosome

43
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical process that occur in the cell

44
Q

microglia

A

immune cells found in the brain and the spinal cord

45
Q

micro trabecular lattice

A

part of the cytoskeleton of the neuron

46
Q

microtubules

A

microscopic tubes that extend throughout the neuron

47
Q

mitochondrion

A

a cellular organelle that provides energy for the neuron

48
Q

multipolar neuron

A

a neuron with several projects from the soma

49
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty insulating layer that wraps around an axon

50
Q

neural compartment

A

the physical space surrounding a neuron

51
Q

neurofilament

A

long, thin components of the cytoskelaton

52
Q

nitrogen base

A

the molecules that form the runs in the DNA double helix molecule

53
Q

node of ranvier

A

a bare region on a myelinated axon

54
Q

nucleotides

A

the side molecule in the DNA double helix

55
Q

nucleus

A

the cellular organelle that contains DNA also a brain region where synapses occur and information processing takes place

56
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

a glial cell in the CNS that forms insulin sheaths around several axons

57
Q

passive spread

A

the movement of a sub-threshold potential along an axon or dendrite

58
Q

phospholipid

A

the basic molecule that makes up the neuronal membrane

59
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

the structure of the cell membrane and several membrane-bound cellular organelles

60
Q

phosphorylation

A

a process in which a phosphate group is transferred to a target molecule, activating that molecule

61
Q

potassium leak channels

A

potassium channels that remain open for a long time contributing to the resting potential

62
Q

potential

A

a tendency for ions to move in a solution

63
Q

protein kinases

A

an enzyme that is activated through phosphorylation

64
Q

rate law

A

the finding that frequency of firing in a neuron increases as the intensity of the stimulus increases

65
Q

receptor

A

a protein molecule with a binding site and an ion channel

66
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period after the absolute refractory period when it takes stronger stimulus to produce another action potential

67
Q

resistance

A

the tendency of the axon to prevent passive spread along its length

68
Q

resting potential

A

the polarized state of the neuron when it is at rest

69
Q

retrograde transport

A

transport of material back to the neuron’s soma

70
Q

ribosome

A

the cellular organelle where protein synthesis occurs

71
Q

saltatory conduction

A

conduction along a myelinated axon in which an action potential appears to jump from node to node

72
Q

Schwann cell

A

a glial cell in the PNS that forms an insulin sheath around a single axon

73
Q

soma

A

in a neuron the thickened region containing the nucleus

74
Q

bioelectric signals

A

electrical currents generated by the movement of ions across a membrane

75
Q

sodium/potassium pump

A

a membrane transporter that contributes to the resting potential by carrying three sodium ions out of cell and two potassium into the cell

76
Q

TEA

A

blocks potassium channels

77
Q

TTX

A

obtained from puffer fish, selectively blocks sodium channel

78
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

the molecule at the ribosome that binds with mRNA during protein synthesis

79
Q

unipolar neuron

A

a neuron, typically a sensory neuron, with only a single projection from the soma

80
Q

vesicle

A

a spherical membrane-bound package that contains cellular chemicals, such as neurotransmitters

81
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

an ion channel that opens when ions flow by it

Brain & Nerves 275 (7 decks)

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