Chapter 4: Social Perceptions

Question 0

Thin slicing

Answer 0

Thin Slicing:
Making inferences using small information

Short videos people were shown

Question 1

Social perception

Answer 1

Social Perception-

How we form perception and make inference about other people

This happens immediately, automatically, and unconsciously

Question 2

Six universal emotions

Answer 2

6 universal facial expression

Happiness
Anger
Sadness
Disgust
Fear 
Surprise

Question 3

Simulation of smiles model

Answer 3

Simulation of smiles model

When we perceive someone smiling our facial muscles replicate that smile when we’re making eye contact to help us understand what their smile is like

Type of mimicry

Question 4

Emblems

Answer 4

Emblems- specific signs to a culture

Question 5

Paralanguage

Answer 5

Paralanguage

Pitch of your voice rhythm etc
Verbal non linguistic things

Question 6

Nonverbal mimicry

Answer 6

Nonverbal mimicry

Chameleon effect refers to nonconscious mimicry of another’s nonverbal behsvior

Facilitates smooth social interaction
Increase rapport/liking
Pro social behavior

Question 7

Implicit personality theory

Answer 7

Implicit personality theories

Implicit personality theories are a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together

This is the general expectations that we build about a person after we know something of their central traits. For example when we believe that a happy person is also friendly.

Question 8

Causal attributions

Answer 8

Causal attributions

We want to understand why someone acted the way they did

It is the process through which we identify the cause of things

Question 9

Causal attributions psychologist?

Answer 9

Fritz Heider

Question 10

Two types of attributions:

Answer 10

two types of attributions

Internal/dispositional
Because of something within them

External/situational
Action because of something outside of them

Question 11

Kelly’s covariation theory

Consensus
Distinctiveness
Consistency

Answer 11

Kelleys covariation theory

Kelley thought we formed opinions on people through three different ways, and only after we had seen Multiple instances of a persons behavior

Three behaviors

Consensus
Do other people act the same way as this person?

Distinctiveness
Extent to which actor behaves the same way in different events compared to this one

Consistency
Extent to which actor responds in the same way towards that stimulus across time and circumstances

Question 12

Kelly’s three predicted behaviors

Categories they fall into

Answer 12

Three behaviors

Consensus
Do other people act the same way as this person?

Distinctiveness
Extent to which actor behaves the same way in different events compared to this one

Consistency
Extent to which actor responds in the same way towards that stimulus across time and circumstances

Internal (dispositional) when concensus and distinctiveness is low

External (situational) when con census distinctiveness and consistency are high

Question 13

Correspondence bias

Answer 13

Correspondence bias

People infer that people’s situational behavior corresponds to their overall disposition

Eg, if they kick a vending machine, they aren’t necessarily an angry person, It could be explained by their disposition

Question 14

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 14

Fundamental attribution error-

Tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which ppl behavior is due to dispositionsl factors while underestimating the role of situational factors

People assume that someone’s actions are due to somebody’s internal not external factors

Questioner, answerer, observer experiment

Question 15

Perceptual salience

Answer 15

Perceptual salience

We tend to over-estimate the causal role (salience) of information we have available to us.

We think we know more than we do,

Experiment at the table where they thought they knew more about the one they were watching,

Seeing a mugging on TV and avoiding going out at night

Eg we may not know all the external factors causing someone to kick a vending machine

Question 16

Anchoring and adjustment as what causes FAE

Answer 16

Anchoring and adjustment
First, we Automatically characterize actors behavior as internally caused we try to correct this and it doesn’t work well.

Eg People watch clip of anxious woman looking uncomfortable
Were given the topic it was in

Question 17

Actor observer difference and explanation

Answer 17

Actor observer difference

We tend to attribute others behavior to internal cause and ours to situational factors

Why?
Perceptual salience- We think we know more about our situation without considering our own personality

Informational differences, we know more about our own situation

Question 18

Self serving bias

Belief in a just world

Self handicapping bias

Unrealistic optimism

Answer 18

Self serving bias
-If we do well we attribute it to internal attribution and if we do bad we
attribute it to situational factors

Belief in a just world

• We make attributions about the world assuming there’s “fairness”
• If something good happens they earned it If something bad happens they deserve it

Self handicapping bias

• people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping potential failure from hurting self-esteem
• Creating reasons or excuses why you can’t do something

Unrealistic optimism

• person to believes that they are less at risk of experiencing a negative event compared to others.
• “That’ll never happen to me”