chapter 4; Social and Behavioral Sciences and Public Health Flashcards
social justice implies a society that provides fair […] and a fair […] of the rewards of society to individuals and groups of individuals
treatment
share
social systems can affect individual health through a variety of mechanisms
1. shaping norms, 2. enforcing patterns of social control, 3. providing opportunities to engage in health behaviors, 4. encouraging selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy
- certain behaviors may become generally accepted among social groups. e.g. “everyone else is doing it”
- having rules and regulations in place creates structure for society, which can affect health e.g. teenager curfew to assist in preventing violence
- the opportunities, or lack thereof, in our surrounding can have a strong influence on our health. e.g. pool for people to learn how to swim, prevents drowning + encourages exercise
- encouraging health behaviors to cope. e.g. going through stressful periods, each behavior can have effects on health
socioeconomic status includes family […], and […] level or parents [..] level and their […] status
income
educational x2
professional
(in developed countries (such as US), life expectancy is strongly associated with socioeconomic status)
greater longevity is associated with [higher or lower] social status
higher
(implies access to healthier living conditions; improved sanitation, less crowding, greater access to health care, and safer methods for cooking and eating)
individuals of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be exposed to health hazards at work and in the physical environment through toxic exposure in the [..] they breather, the [..] they drink, and the [..]they eat
hazards
air
water
food
more formal education and the higher social status that results are strongly associated with [better or worse] health, may increase access to […] medical care and provide greater ability to […] against health hazards
better
medical
protect
socioeconomic [..] of health status exists such that individuals with a higher socioeconomic tend to have [better or worse] health outcomes compared to those with a [higher or lower] socioeconomic status
gradient
better
lower
education level, income level, and professional status are three key components of socioeconomic status
yes
gini index, aka Gini coefficient, is a measure adapted to calculate […] inequity across populations. to measure income distribution with an index ranging from 0 to 1
economic.
- higher values indicating greater inequality
0 ;everyone has the same income,
1 ; indicates complete inequality (one individual receives all the income)
might be multiplied by 100 to graph and easier visibility
among developed countries, income inequality is strongly associated with [higher or lower] rates of mortality
higher
key takeaway; place matters. some groups of Americans will die 20 years earlier than others who live just a short distance away because of differences in education, income, race, ethnicity, and where and how they live
yes
ways that socioeconomic status may affect health; living conditions, overall educational opportunities, education opportunities for women, occupational exposures, access to goods and services, family size, exposures to high risk behaviors, environmental
yes
social control over […] and […] decision making is much greater among individuals of [higher or lower] socioeconomic status. systemic racism. the theory holds that the ability to control ones life may be associated with biological changes that affect health and disease
individual, group, higher, control, biological
culture, in a broad sense, helps people make […] about the world and […] about behavior. defines what is good or bad, and what is healthy and unhealthy
judgement
decisions
culture affects the daily habits of life (food [..] and methods of food [..] and [..]), some reject strenuous [..] activity, some negative or positive impacts on [..], affect individuals response to symptoms and acceptance of [..], some [..] and [..] the use of traditional approaches (e.g. traditional healers)
choice + preparation + perseveration, physical, disability, interventions, allow + encourage
religion can have a major impact on health, particularly for specific practices that are [..] or [..] by a particular religious group. response to [..] , affect the types of [..] that are acceptable, affect [..] to disease and to interventions
encouraged, condemned
e.g. male circumcisions reducing susceptibility to HIV/AIDS
symptoms
e.g. reject medical care as a response to symptoms
interventions
response
accomplishing the goals of Healthy People 2030 will require changes in behavior at the […] level
individual
much of the preventable disease and disability today in the United States and other developed countries is related to the [..]of individuals
behavior
e.g.
cigarette smoking, obesity, intentional to unintentional injuries, sexual behavior, drug abuse
it is relatively easy to change a behavior when the behavior can be substituted for a similar one and results in a potentially large payoff
substituted
e.g. substitution of acetaminophen (Tylenol) for aspirin to prevent Reye’s syndrome was relatively easy
some individual health behaviors are easier to change than others with knowledge , incentives
yes
the most difficult behaviors to change are those that have a […] component,
physiological
e.g. obesity or an addictive element (cigarette smoking)
Stages of Change Model; people go through a […]of incremental […] when changing behavior rather than making significant changes all at once. 1. precontemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action phase 5. maintenance
set
stages
1. individual has not yet considered changing his or her behavior/ efforts to encourage change are not likely to be successful (however, efforts to educate and offer help in the future may lay the groundwork for later success
2. individual is actively thinking about the benefits and barriers to change. information focused on short and immediate term gains, as well as long term benefits can be useful. develop baseline - establishing the current severity or extent of the problem in order to measure future progress
3. individual is developing a plan of action. especially receptive to setting goals, considering a range of strategies, and developing a timetable . help in recognizing and preparing for unanticipated barriers can be especially useful to the individual during this phase
4. change in behavior takes place, time to bring together all possible outside support to reinforce and reward the new behavior and help with problems or setbacks that occur
5. in which the new behavior become a permanent part of an individuals lifestyle. requires education on how to anticipate the long term nature of behavioral change, especially how to resist the inevitable temptations to resume the old behavior
it is important to recognize that individual behavior develops and changes in response to group and population […]. we need to also examine the […]of interventions aimed at groups and populations
influences
impact
the Health Belief Model a widely used intrapersonal theory, contends that individuals will change behavior if (1) they believe the condition has serious [..]; (2) they believe taking action would [..] them, with the benefits outweighing the [..]; (3) they are exposed to factors that prompt [..]; and (4) they believe in their ability to [..] perform the action
consequences
benefit, harms
action
successfully
intrapersonal theories and models focus on characteristics of the individual, including knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self concept, past experiences, and skills
yes
interpersonal theories and models incorporate the [..]of other people on an individuals behavior
influences
e.g. family members, peers, coworkers, healthcare providers,
the theory of planned behavior a widely used interpersonal theory, proposes that behavioral intention is influenced by an individuals [..] toward performing a behavior, their [..] about whether people important to them [..] or [..] of the behavior, and their beliefs about their [..] over performing the behavior
attitude
beliefs
approve or disapprove
control
theories and models on the population, or community level explore factors within social [..], offering strategies that can be used to alter these factors to address health issues within a [..]
system
population
the Diffusion of Innovation theory is one widely used population focused theory. the theory proposes that the diffusion and adoption, or rejection, of an innovation is affected by perceived attributes of the innovation including (1) relative advantage, (2) compatibility, (3) complexity, (4) trialability, (5) observability
1, Is the innovation better than what it will replace
2. does the innovation fit with the values and needs of the intended audience
3. is the innovation easy to understand and use
4. can the innovation be tried before making a decision to adopt
5. are the results of the innovation observable and easily measurable
the diffusion of innovation theory has contributed the concept of different types of adopters; early adopters (those who seek to [..] with innovative ideas), early majority adopters (often opinion [..] whose social status frequently [..]others to adopt the behavior), and late adopters (or laggards - those who need [..] and [..] to make adoption as easy as possible)
experiment
leaders, influences
support, encouragement
an emerging field known as behavioral economics seek to utilize new [..] about human behavior to change the [..] of clinicians and patients. include; losses loom larger than gains, just in time reminders work well, default choices are usually retained, creating new habits is key to behavioral change
understandings
change
1. losses loom; incentive systems for behavioral changes are more effective when individuals view the incentive as a way to avoid a potential loss, not just obtain a potential gain e.g. offer one large payment at end of program rather than some for each session
2. just in time; desirable behavior is often reinforced by reminders that re just before the time of the desirable behavior. e.g. remind clinicians to wash their hands
3. default choices; when people need to take action to change the default choice they usually accept the default
4. creating new habits; apps that provide reminders to take medication exercise, or do other routine behavior may be useful fo developing and reinforcing new behaviors
the truth campaign; social marketing, developed by the American Legacy Foundation. aimed to [..] the perception of smoking being seen as a teenage rebellion to the decision to not smoke being a rebellion against the alleged [..]-controlling tobacco industry
redirect
behavior
social marketing incorporates the 4 P’s;
product, price, place, promotion
product; identifying the behavior or innovation that is being marketed
price; identifying the benefits, the barriers, and the financial costs
place; identifying the target audiences and how to reach them
promotion; organizing a campaign or program to reach the target audience(s)
the national youth anti-drug campaign; social marketing, directed at young people including the “Parents. The Anti-Drug” campaign. focused on 9 to 13 tear old’s, or tweens, with a goal of making exercise fun and cool for everyone, not just competitive athletes
yes
social marketing, like product marketing, often relies on what marketers call […]. includes words and symbols that help the target audience identify with the service; however, it goes deeper than just words and symbols.
branding
identify
branding can be seen as a method of implementing the fourth P, or promotion, it also builds upon the first three P’s
- requires a clear [..] of the product or the behavior to be changed (product)
- successful branding puts forth strategies for [..] the financial and psychological [..] (price)
- identifies the audience and segments of the audience and asks how each segment can be reached (place)
understanding
reducing , costs
reached
branding is the [..] face of social marketing, but it also needs to be integrated into the [..] of the marketing plan.
public
core
it is possible to change key health behaviors of well defined groups of people, including adolescents, who are often the hardest to reach
effectively addressing what has been learned about the options for effectively addressing what has been called vaccine hesitancy;
education, motivation, obligation, innovation
approach to vaccine acceptance; education.
needs to accurately [..] what is known and what is not known about the effectiveness and safety of a vaccine. [..] messages are more readily accepted than [..] messages; therefore, it is important to stress the benefits of vaccination while being accurate and open about the [..] . judgmental messages, which stress that vaccination is the right thing to do, have been found to be less [..] than messages that provide accurate information on the benefits, harms, and uncertainties
communicate
positive, negative
harms, effective
the national academy of sciences has outline a series of principles for effectively communicating accurate information at the individual and population;
do not wait, be credible , be clear, express empathy and show respect, acknowledge uncertainty and manage expectations
- begin communicating immediately. once formed, attitudes are difficult to change + use cues from peoples previous experiences
- be consistent and transparent. greater transparency about the vaccine authorization and distribution process, e.g. could potentially address concerns about the politicization of the process
- use accessible, jargon-free messages. use message tailored to the health literacy and numeracy levels of the target audience. remove difficult biological or chemical terms from messages and explain terms that have technical meanings
- avoid dismissing concerns. ensure that people feel heard is important because if people do not feel heard, they are unlikely to listen. listen to peoples concerns, rephrase, and restate those concerns, and present relevant new information with empathy
- ## acknowledge uncertainty. do not over-reassure/ honestly sharing realistic projections of the time-line can help manage peoples expectations, while overpromising how quickly progress will occur could undermine trust
approach to vaccine acceptance; motivation.
[..] for vaccination (promised without cost, or range of financial incentives). + ease of access (vaccination sites)
incentives
approach to vaccine acceptance; obligation.
efforts to legally [..] vaccinations through vaccine mandates have been an important and controversial component of the effort to achieve [..] vaccination
enforce
universal
approach to vaccine acceptance; innovation. COVID-19 vaccines can themselves be viewed as an important innovation. avoiding the need for an injection or “jab” has been the focus of considerable effort
yes
the precede-proceed planning framework provides a structure to [..] and [..] health education and health promotion programs through a diagnostic planning process followed by an [..] and [..] process. (nine steps of the framework, divided into two phases: PRECEDE and PROCEED
design
evaluate
implementation and evaluating
as we have seen, understanding human [..] and applying [..] and [..] theories are central to public heath
behavior
social
behavioral
