Chapter 1; Public Health: The Population Health Approach Flashcards
prevention of heart disease include the reduction of blood […] and […], […] smoking and cessation efforts, an understanding of the role of exercise and the widespread ability of defibrillators.
pressure and cholesterol
cigarrete
overuse of technologies, such as antibiotics, has encouraged the emergence of […] bacteria.
resistant
the challenges of 21st century public health include the protection of […] and continued improvement in […] of life, not just the quantity of years individuals are living
health
quality
population health means the totality of all evidence based public and private efforts throughout the life cycle that […] and […] the health and prevent disease, disability, and death.
preserve
promote
[…] […] demonstrated that lemons and other citrus fruit, was the best source of vitamin C, and could prevent and treat scurvy
James Lind
English physician […] […] recognized that cowpox could treat small pox hence creating a vaccine
Edward Jenner
the hygiene movement (1840-1870s) put forth the idea that disease emerges from social conditions of […],hence producing the concept of social justice
inequality
in the 1850s, […] […] is often called the father of epidemiology; he helped establish the importance of careful […] collection and documentation of rates of disease before ad after an intervention in order to evaluate effectiveness
John Snow
(efforts to close down the Broad Street pump, which supplied water contaminated by cholera to a district in London. quickly helped terminate that epidemic of cholera).
[…] […], an Austrian physican, used much the same approach in the mid-1800s to control puerperal fever-or fever of childbirth- then a major cause of maternal mortality
Ignaz Semmelweis
[…] […] argued that specific pathological conditions or diseases should be the basis for the cause of death
Edwin Chadwick
[…] […] argued that underlying factors, including what we would today call social determinants of health, should be seen as the actual causes of death
William Farr
contagion control was from the […]-[…]; investigations of pellagra by […]
1880 to 1940s
Goldberger
filling holes in the medical care system ([…]-mid-[…]); laying foundations for the emergence of a new era of public health
1950s-mid-1980s
medicaid is for low income families and with disabilities
over 65 is medicare
Japan has the highest […] expectancy
life
health promotion/disease prevention was from (Mid-[…]-[…]); focus on individual […] for health and interventions at the individual level
Mid-1980s-2000
responsibility
the concept of One Health is that it focuses on the connections of […] health, […] health, and […] health; providing a framework for understanding the global health impacts that affects of us
human
animal
ecosystem
One health includes a focus on the potential impacts of […] change, emerging and reemerging […] diseases, antibiotic […], and the consequences of trade in potentially contaminated […] products, ranging from food to toys
climate
infectious
resistance
dangerous
the health protection, focused on authority based control of […] and […] behaviors
individual
community
the hygiene movement focused on […] conditions as basis for improved health
sanitary
the contagion control, focused on the germ theory; a demonstration of […] origins of disease
infectious
filling holes in the medical care system focused on the integration of […] of communicable disease, modification of […] factors, and […] of high risk populations part of medical care
control
risk
care
the health promotion/disease prevention focused on the individual […] and disease detection in […] and general populations
behavior
vulnerable
population health focused on […] of public health, health care, and public policy based upon […] evidence and systems thinking
coordination
shared
“intervention” means the full range of strategies designed to […] health and […] disease, disability, and death. such as preventive efforts, thus population health is about improving community health
protect
prevent
to understand population health, there four components are […] issues, […], societies shared […] concerns, and society’s […] group
health
population
shared
vulnerable
vulnerable populations now includes the disabled, frail elderly, and those without health insurance rather than maternal and child health
yes
the high risk approach focuses on those with the [highest or lowest] probability of […] disease and aims to bring their risk close to the levels experienced by the rest of the population
highest
developing
risk factors include a wide range of […]
exposures
the improving-the-average approach focuses on the entire population and aims to reduce the risk for […]
everyone
the improving-the-average approach assumes that everyone is at some degree of […] and the risk increase with the extent of […]
risk
exposure
to improve community health, population health approaches need to consider the impacts on […] throughout the […] cycle
health
life
age not only affects the [… of diseases and conditions, but it may also affect how a disease […]
frequency
presents
depression is often defined as change in mood producing […] or loss of […] in previously enjoyable activities severe enough to interrupt daily activities over a period of at least 2 weeks
sadness
interest
depression may produce changes in sleep, appetite, energy, ability to concentrate, or self esteem. can include thoughts of suicide
yes
depression may occur in […] over an entire life span, but it may express itself differently in children, adolescents, and adults
episodes
depression can be diagnosed among children as young as […] years. such as being […] or […], leading to […] problems at home and at school + feelings of [..] and inability to […] previously fun activities, changes in […] and […], and feeling worthless or helplessness
3
irritable
angry
behavioral
sadness
enjoy
sleep
eating
depression among teenagers may include […] and may be hesitant to speak to adults
suicide
is pregnancy and the postpartum period associated with an increased incidence of depression
yes, over 10%
is depression common among older adults
yes
risk factors among older adults for depression are […] and poor […] status related to medical illness, complicated grief, chronic sleep disturbance, loneliness, and a history of depress
disability
health
suicide especially among older [women or men] is especially common
men
depression has been referred to as the “[…] […]” since it is often under diagnosed, under discussed, and underrated
under disease
healthcare, one of the strategies that are used to address health issues, includes the delivery of services to individuals on a […] basis. includes services for those who are sick or disabled with illness or diseases, as well as for those who are asymptomatic
one-on-one
e.g. vaccinations, behavioral counseling, screening for disease, and preventive medications
both health care and traditional public health approaches she a goal to [directly or indirectly] affect the health of those they reach
directly
public policy interventions are primarily aimed at achieving other non health goals, such as increasing convinces, pleasures economic growth, and equity
yes
traditional public health is […]- and […]- based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention
group
community
public policy interventions are […] with another health-related purpose, which have secondary impacts on health
interventions
morbidity is […]
disability
mortality is […]
death
contributory causes can be though of as immediate causes of […]
disease
e.g. cigarette smoking and HIV
direct causes of disability and death
the term ‘determinants’ are used to identify underlying factors or “causes of causes” that ultimately bring that disease
yes. the root causes on why one would be influenced to smoke when exposed
the social determinants of health, BIG GEMS stands for
behavior
infection
genetics
geography
environment
medical care
socioeconomic-cultural
in BIG GEMS, B stands for […] and are actions that […] or […] to factors
behavior
increase
protect
In BIG GEMS, I stands for […] and is often [direct or indirect] cause of disease
infection
direct
In BIG GEMS, G stands for […] roles that […] factors play with disease whether susceptibility
genetic
genetic
In BIG GEMS, G stands for […], where location influences the frequency and even the presence of disease
geography
location
in BIG GEMS, E stands for […], where it determines disease and the […] of disease in a number of way
environment
course
e.g. natural disasters or altered physical environment produced by human intervention
In BIG GEMS, M stands for […] and it is access to and the quality
medical care
Early or long standing exposures to infection may contribute to the [….] of disease or even […] against disease
development
protection
the physical environment built for use by humans is the […] environment
built
e.g. hazards on the highway
in BIG GEMS, the M stands for […] […], which is […] to and the […] of medical care can be a determinant of disease. efforts aimed at prevention, can affect the […] of disease
medical care
access
quality
development
e.g. vaccination
in BIG GEMS, the S stands for […]. defined as education income, and occupational status
socioeconomic cultural
e.e.g cultural and religious factors affecting beliefs about treatments
are there [few or wide] ranges of determinants of disease.
wide
stress of living in poverty can also affect children’s […] development, making it harder for them to do well in school
brain
the overall goal of addressing social determinants of health is to produce health […]
equity
health equity means that everyone has a […] and just opportunity to be healthy
fair
(everyone is treated the same)
the demographic transition describes the impact of […] childhood death rates and […] life spans on the size and the age distribution of populations
falling
extended
population pyramids are often useful for displaying the […] in the age distribution that occur over time. display the number of males and females that are present or expected to be present for each age group in a particular year
changes
the epidemiological transition in population pyramids implies that social and economic development occurs, different types of disease become prominent
yes
deaths in less developed societies are often dominated by epidemic communicable diseases and diseases associated with malnutrition and childhood […]
epidemic
infections
nutritional transition implies that countries frequently move from poorly balanced diets often deficient in nutritions, proteins, and calories to a diet of high processed food, including fats, sugars, and salt
yes
FRAILTY ; which are a number of public health, healthcare, and social interventions that can prevent frailty or minimize its consequences are
Food
Resistance exercises
Atherosclerosis prevention
Isolation prevention
Limit pain
Tai Chi or other balance exercises
Yearly check for testosterone deficiency
impaired […], impaired […] and […] problems are perhaps the most common modifiable incapacitating impairments of the elderly
vision
hearing
dental
the gain of 30 years to life expectancy is due to public health […]
interventions
according to the World Health Organization; health is “a state of complete […], […] and […]-wellbeing rather than the mere absence of […] or […]
physical
mental
social
disease
infirmity
public health is the science and art of […] disease, […] life and […] health through the organized efforts of society
preventing
prolonging
promoting
health risks extend from […] to […]
prenatal
postpartum
[…] is single most important factor influencing causes of death and disability
age
