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PSYCH 1000 > Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Subliminal Perception

A
  • Previous exposure to a stimulus, can influence that individuals later responses to the same stimulus or a simular one
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2
Q

Priming

A
  • Perception bellow the threshold of conscious awareness
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3
Q

Perceptual Set

A
  • A filter that influences what aspects of a sense we perceive or pay attention to
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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A
  • Minimum amount of energy of a stimulus required for it to be detected at least 50% of the time
  • Difference between not being able to and just being able to see anything to perceive a stimulus
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5
Q

Difference threshold

A
  • Smallest difference between a stimuli that can be detected at least 50% of the time
  • Just noticable differnce
  • Measure of smallest increase/decrease in physical stimulus (a smidge hotter, colder, lighter, ect)
  • Depends on intensity of initial stimulus
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6
Q

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR)

A
  • Specific auditory/visual stimuli trigger sensations in the scalp, neck, back and shoulders
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7
Q

Multimodel Integration

A
  • The ability to combine sensation from different sensory perceptions, into a single integrated perception
  • Eg. plugging nose being cutting something bad
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8
Q

Non-tasters

A
  • Reduced ability to taste
  • Smallest # of tastebuds
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9
Q

Medium tasters

A
  • Nearly 2x as many tastebuds as non-tasters
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10
Q

Super tasters

A
  • Nearly 4x as many tastebuds as non-tasters
  • Sensitive to bitter tastes
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11
Q

Rods

A
  • In eyes
  • Photoreceptors that occupy the peripheral regions of the retina
  • Highly sensitive under low light
  • Respond to black + white
  • 10-1 ratio with ganglion cells
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12
Q

Cones

A
  • In eyes
  • Photoreceptors that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light we see as colour
  • Help see colour and fine detail
  • Doesn’t function in dim light
  • All input is transmitted into ganglion cell
  • 1-1 ratio w ganglion cells
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13
Q

Taste buds

A
  • Small bumps called papille
  • 10 day lifepsan
  • Each tastebud has 60-100 receptor cells
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14
Q

Umami (5th sense)

A
  • Response to glutamate found in protein rich foods like meat, milk, aged cheese, seafood
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15
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A
  • Brains central region for processing smells
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16
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A
  • Patch of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity
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17
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Body produces our own natural pain killers
  • Produce feelings of well-being
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18
Q

2-point threshold for touch

A
  • Measures how far apart 2 point must be to be felt as 2 separate touches
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19
Q

Nociception

A
  • Nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable situation, which inhibit pain messages that travel to the CNS
  • Cognitive, sensory + emotional factors all interact
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20
Q

Gate control mode

A
  • Explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit + inhibit pain messages - through a “gate” in the spinal cord
21
Q

Kinesthesis

A
  • Sense of bodily motion
  • Position
  • Receptors transmit info about movement + position of muscles, limbs + joints, to the brain
22
Q

Haptics

A
  • Active, exploratory aspect of tough sensation + perception
  • Allows us to identify objects and avoid damaging/dropping them
23
Q

Depth perception

A
  • Ability to use vision to guide our actions
  • To gage the distances between objects
24
Q

Perceptual constancy

A
  • Ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective
25
Q

Monocular cues

(accommodation)
(motion parallax)

A
  • Depth queue we can perceive w only one eye

-Accommodation: the lens changes shape to maintain a clear focus on an object
- Motion paradox: objects that are closer appear to move faster than those that are further

26
Q

Binocular cues

(convergence)
(retinal disparity)
(stereoscopic vision)

A
  • Distance queues based on differing perspectives of both eyes
  • Convergence: eye muscles contract so both eyes focus on 1 object
  • Retinal disparity: difference in position of an object as sene by both eyes - gives depth info
  • Stereoscopic vision: overlapping visual fields
27
Q

Vestibular system

A
  • Provides info about spatial orientation of the head + head movement
  • Key to sense of balance and awareness
  • Connects to brainstem, amygdala, insula
  • Vestibular sacs: detect head’s position, mostly when it is not upright
  • Semicircular canals: detect when head is in motion
    — Both send info to brainstem
28
Q

Secondary auditory cortex

A
  • Helps interpret complex sounds, such as music and speech
  • Cells in these cortex respond to different frequencies
29
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • Centre of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear
  • Cells in these cortex respond to different frequencies
30
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Damage to cochlea or auditory nerve
  • Hearing aids only help if the damage to the cochlea is not severe
31
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A
  • Disease or injury to eardrum or middle ear bones
  • Sound waves cannot make it to cochlea
  • Hearing aid can bypass middle ear
32
Q

Frequency Theory

A
  • Perception of pitch related to the frequency at which the basiliar membrane vibrates
33
Q

Place Theory

A
  • Individual pitches
  • Determined by the place along basiliar membrane of cochlea vibrating
34
Q

Transduction

A
  • When specialized receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural process
  • The sensations detected by the sensory organs are turned into information the brain can process
  • Stimulus — sensory receptors –(transduction)– neural impulses – perception
35
Q

Sensory adaption

A
  • The reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus
36
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A
  • Different senses are separate in the brain
37
Q

Signal detection theory

A
  • Whether a stimulus is perceived depends on the sensory experiences + the subjects judgement
  • detecting a stimulus against background noise and deciding whether it is present
38
Q

Weber’s Law

A
  • A relationship between the JND + stimulus intensity
  • Stronger stimuli = higher JND
  • Lower stimuli = lower JND
  • Ex. you would notice if 1tsp of sugar was added to a small coffee, but it would not notice if the same amount was added to a large cup of coffee
39
Q

Gestalt Principles

A
  • The whole is greater than the sum of the parts
  • Figure-ground principles: objects/figures in our environment that tend to stand out against a background
  • Proximity: objects close together, perceived as beloning together
  • Similarity: stimuli with simular characteristics, seen as a unit
  • Continuity: objects appear to have a continous pattern
  • Closure: if parts of a figure are missing, we fill the gap
40
Q

Top-down processing

A
  • Our perceptions are influenced by our prior knowledge
  • Use experiences, expectations and goals
  • Use our knowledge and sensory info to form perception
  • Ex. a pharmacist can decipher a doctors prescription
41
Q

Bottom-up processing

A
  • When you encounter new or unfamiliar things
  • Use sensory info to combine it into a new message that is understood in the brain
  • Ex. trying to decipher a doctors writing on a perscription
42
Q

Nearsightedness

A
  • Close objects clear, far objects blurry
  • Image infront of retina
  • MYOPIA
43
Q

Farsightedness

A
  • Far objects clear, distant objects blurry
  • Image behind retina
  • HYPEROPIA
44
Q

Amplitude (dB)

A
  • Loudness of sound
  • Energy or height of sound waves
45
Q

Frequency (Hz)

A
  • # of cycles completed by sound waves in 1 second
46
Q

Timbre

A
  • Distinct quality of sound, distinguishing it from other sounds of the same pitch
    *Loudness
47
Q

Pitch

A
  • Sound wave frequencies
  • Low-frequency sound has long wavelength, high-frequency sound has short wavelength
48
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A
  • Colour vision is determined by 3 different cone types
  • Sensitive to shoer, mediam, and long wavelengths
  • Colours blue, green, red
49
Q

Opponent-process theory

A
  • We precieve colour in terms of opposing pairs
  • Red to green
  • Yellow to blue
  • White to black

PSYCH 1000 (6 decks)

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