Chapter 1: Introduction to Psych Flashcards
1
Q
Determinism
A
- All events are governed by cause and effect relationships
- Behavior is determined by internal (genes, brain chemistry) and external (cultural) influences
2
Q
Empiricism
A
- Knowledge through experience
- Seeing is believing
- Knowledge based on observation not common sense
3
Q
What are the 4 humours
A
Humours/temperatures represent personality/emotional characteristics
1) Sanguine (blood) - impulsive, pleasure-seeking, charismatic
2) Choleric (yellow bile) - ambitious, energetic, agresisve
3) Melancholic (black bile) - independent, perfectionist, introverted
Phlegmatic (phlegm) - quiet, relaxed, content with life
4
Q
What is scientific literacy
A
- Gathering knowledge (what do we know)
- Scientific explanation (how can science explain it)
- Critical thinking (can we critically evaluate this evidence)
- Application (why is this relevent)
5
Q
Materialism
A
- Belief that humans and other living beings are composed entirely of physical matter
6
Q
Zeitgeist
A
- General set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
- Explains why it took so long for psych to become a science
- People were not ready for a science that was applied to behaviours + thoughts
7
Q
Biopsychosocial Model
A
- Explains behavior through biological, psychological, sociocultural factors
- Biological: brain structure, hormones
- Psychological: memories, emotions, personality
- Sociocultural: family, peers, ethnicity, culture
- All these influences affect each other
8
Q
Scientific Method
A
- A way of learning about the world
- Collecting observations developing theories to explain them, using theories to make predictions
- Hypothesis must be falsifiable (chance it can be proven false)
9
Q
Human factor psychologists
A
- Helps ensure our interactions with technologies are efficient
10
Q
Industrial/organizational psychology
A
- Helps ensure the work environment is fair for all employees
- Scientific based solutions to problems in work
11
Q
Work of Karen Horney
A
- Contributed to understanding of personality
12
Q
Work of Anne Freud
A
- Contributed to understanding of personality
13
Q
Work of Virginia Satir
A
- Developed experimental family therapy, based on humanism
14
Q
Work Sandra Bem
A
- Examined sex differences in power + stereotypes that effect on women’s belief of their abilities
15
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
- Focuses on memory, thinking and languare
16
Q
Gestault Psychology
A
- Psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception + experience rather than its parts
17
Q
Work of Kurt Lewin
A
- Founder of modern psychology
- Behavior is a function of the environment
- Can be predicted to help understand how people with specific traits will respond in a certian context
18
Q
Applied psychology
A
- Used in schools, workplaces, military, ext
- Uses scientific psychology to solve practical problems
19
Q
Positive psychology
A
- Helps people see the good in their lives
- Promotes self-acceptance
- Improves social relationships
20
Q
Work of Wilder Penfiled
A
- Helped patients with epilepsy
- Mapped out brain regions for surgery
- Electrically stimulated the brain for patients to report sensations
21
Q
Work of Donald Hebb
A
- Examined how cells in the brain change throughout learning
- Hebb’s law: cells that fire together, wire together
22
Q
Work of Carl Rogers
A
- Developed person-centered therapy based on humanistic prinicples
- Him and Maslov believed humans strive to develop a sense of self and are motivated to grow + fill their potential
23
Q
Humanistic Psychology
A
- Focuses on unique aspects of humans, freedom to act and rational thought
- Seek to understand the meaning of personal experience
24
Q
Social Psychology
A
- Influence of others on our behvaior (external factors)
25
Q
Personality Psychology
A
- How different personality characteristics can influence how we think + act (internal thoughts)
26
Q
Work of Edward Thorndike
A
- Frequency of different behaviors could be changed based on whether or not that behvaior lead to positive consequences or satisfaction
27
Q
Work of John B Watson
A
- Nurture over nature
- All behvaior can be explained through conditioning
- Little Albert experiment
28
Q
Work of B.F. Skinner
(Radical Behvaiorism)
A
- How an organism responds to rewards and punishment
- Repeat actions w reward
- Avoid actions w punishment
- Rat + level experiment
29
Q
Ian Pavlov
A
- Classical conditioning
- Dog + bell experiment
30
Q
Behvaiourism
A
- Studies observe behaviour
- No reference to mental events or instincts
- We can train people to act + react in certain ways
31
Q
Work of Edwin Twitmyer
A
- Studied reflexes
- Classical conditioning
- Mallet + bell experiment
32
Q
Work of William James
(Functionalism)
(Evolutionary Psychology)
A
- Sought to understand how the midn functions
- Functionalism: the purpose + function of behaviour + conscious experience
- Evolutionary Psychology: explains behaviour in terms of how it was shaped by ansestors
33
Q
Work of Edward Titchener
(Structuralism)
A
- Breaking things down into basic elements to understand how they work together
34
Q
Work of Wilhelhm Wundt
A
- Father of psychology
- Established psychology as independent scientific field
- Studied human behaviour, how people sense and perceive
- Researched introspection (to look within)
35
Q
Work of Sir Francis Galton
A
- Studied differences between people, noticing greatest achievements tend to run in the family
- Heredity could explain physical + psychological differences
- Eminence: combination of ability, mortality, achivement
- Nature over nurture
36
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
- Attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes
- Conscious experiences = thoughts, perceptions, sense of self
- Unconscious mind = forgotten memories, agressive impulses
37
Q
Paul Broca
A
- Difficulty producing spoken language relates to damage in left frontallobe
38
Q
Karl Wernicke
A
- Difficulty comprehending language relates to damage in left hemisphere
39
Q
Phrenology
A
- Brain consists of 27 “organs” corresponding to mental traits (directed by examining the surface of the skull)
- If a person had a particular trait/ability, the area of the brain related to that would be larger
40
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
- Field of psych that concentrates on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
41
Q
Natural Selection
A
- Genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reporductin
- Survival of the fittest
- Behvaior is shaped by natural selection
- DARWIN
42
Q
Psychophysics
A
- Gustav Fechner
- Study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world
43
Q
Dualiusm
A
- Belief that there are properties of human that are not material
- There is a mind/soul separate from the body
