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PSYCH 1000 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Determinism

A
  • All events are governed by cause and effect relationships
  • Behavior is determined by internal (genes, brain chemistry) and external (cultural) influences
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2
Q

Empiricism

A
  • Knowledge through experience
  • Seeing is believing
  • Knowledge based on observation not common sense
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3
Q

What are the 4 humours

A

Humours/temperatures represent personality/emotional characteristics

1) Sanguine (blood) - impulsive, pleasure-seeking, charismatic
2) Choleric (yellow bile) - ambitious, energetic, agresisve
3) Melancholic (black bile) - independent, perfectionist, introverted
Phlegmatic (phlegm) - quiet, relaxed, content with life

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4
Q

What is scientific literacy

A
  • Gathering knowledge (what do we know)
  • Scientific explanation (how can science explain it)
  • Critical thinking (can we critically evaluate this evidence)
  • Application (why is this relevent)
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5
Q

Materialism

A
  • Belief that humans and other living beings are composed entirely of physical matter
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6
Q

Zeitgeist

A
  • General set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
  • Explains why it took so long for psych to become a science
  • People were not ready for a science that was applied to behaviours + thoughts
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7
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A
  • Explains behavior through biological, psychological, sociocultural factors
  • Biological: brain structure, hormones
  • Psychological: memories, emotions, personality
  • Sociocultural: family, peers, ethnicity, culture
  • All these influences affect each other
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8
Q

Scientific Method

A
  • A way of learning about the world
  • Collecting observations developing theories to explain them, using theories to make predictions
  • Hypothesis must be falsifiable (chance it can be proven false)
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9
Q

Human factor psychologists

A
  • Helps ensure our interactions with technologies are efficient
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10
Q

Industrial/organizational psychology

A
  • Helps ensure the work environment is fair for all employees
  • Scientific based solutions to problems in work
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11
Q

Work of Karen Horney

A
  • Contributed to understanding of personality
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12
Q

Work of Anne Freud

A
  • Contributed to understanding of personality
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13
Q

Work of Virginia Satir

A
  • Developed experimental family therapy, based on humanism
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14
Q

Work Sandra Bem

A
  • Examined sex differences in power + stereotypes that effect on women’s belief of their abilities
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15
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Focuses on memory, thinking and languare
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16
Q

Gestault Psychology

A
  • Psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception + experience rather than its parts
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17
Q

Work of Kurt Lewin

A
  • Founder of modern psychology
  • Behavior is a function of the environment
  • Can be predicted to help understand how people with specific traits will respond in a certian context
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18
Q

Applied psychology

A
  • Used in schools, workplaces, military, ext
  • Uses scientific psychology to solve practical problems
19
Q

Positive psychology

A
  • Helps people see the good in their lives
  • Promotes self-acceptance
  • Improves social relationships
20
Q

Work of Wilder Penfiled

A
  • Helped patients with epilepsy
  • Mapped out brain regions for surgery
  • Electrically stimulated the brain for patients to report sensations
21
Q

Work of Donald Hebb

A
  • Examined how cells in the brain change throughout learning
  • Hebb’s law: cells that fire together, wire together
22
Q

Work of Carl Rogers

A
  • Developed person-centered therapy based on humanistic prinicples
  • Him and Maslov believed humans strive to develop a sense of self and are motivated to grow + fill their potential
23
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A
  • Focuses on unique aspects of humans, freedom to act and rational thought
  • Seek to understand the meaning of personal experience
24
Q

Social Psychology

A
  • Influence of others on our behvaior (external factors)
25
Q

Personality Psychology

A
  • How different personality characteristics can influence how we think + act (internal thoughts)
26
Q

Work of Edward Thorndike

A
  • Frequency of different behaviors could be changed based on whether or not that behvaior lead to positive consequences or satisfaction
27
Q

Work of John B Watson

A
  • Nurture over nature
  • All behvaior can be explained through conditioning
  • Little Albert experiment
28
Q

Work of B.F. Skinner

(Radical Behvaiorism)

A
  • How an organism responds to rewards and punishment
  • Repeat actions w reward
  • Avoid actions w punishment
  • Rat + level experiment
29
Q

Ian Pavlov

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Dog + bell experiment
30
Q

Behvaiourism

A
  • Studies observe behaviour
  • No reference to mental events or instincts
  • We can train people to act + react in certain ways
31
Q

Work of Edwin Twitmyer

A
  • Studied reflexes
  • Classical conditioning
  • Mallet + bell experiment
32
Q

Work of William James

(Functionalism)
(Evolutionary Psychology)

A
  • Sought to understand how the midn functions
  • Functionalism: the purpose + function of behaviour + conscious experience
  • Evolutionary Psychology: explains behaviour in terms of how it was shaped by ansestors
33
Q

Work of Edward Titchener

(Structuralism)

A
  • Breaking things down into basic elements to understand how they work together
34
Q

Work of Wilhelhm Wundt

A
  • Father of psychology
  • Established psychology as independent scientific field
  • Studied human behaviour, how people sense and perceive
  • Researched introspection (to look within)
35
Q

Work of Sir Francis Galton

A
  • Studied differences between people, noticing greatest achievements tend to run in the family
  • Heredity could explain physical + psychological differences
  • Eminence: combination of ability, mortality, achivement
  • Nature over nurture
36
Q

Psychoanalysis

A
  • Attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes
  • Conscious experiences = thoughts, perceptions, sense of self
  • Unconscious mind = forgotten memories, agressive impulses
37
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • Difficulty producing spoken language relates to damage in left frontallobe
38
Q

Karl Wernicke

A
  • Difficulty comprehending language relates to damage in left hemisphere
39
Q

Phrenology

A
  • Brain consists of 27 “organs” corresponding to mental traits (directed by examining the surface of the skull)
  • If a person had a particular trait/ability, the area of the brain related to that would be larger
40
Q

Clinical Psychology

A
  • Field of psych that concentrates on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
41
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reporductin
  • Survival of the fittest
  • Behvaior is shaped by natural selection
  • DARWIN
42
Q

Psychophysics

A
  • Gustav Fechner
  • Study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world
43
Q

Dualiusm

A
  • Belief that there are properties of human that are not material
  • There is a mind/soul separate from the body

PSYCH 1000 (6 decks)

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