Chapter 4: Semantics Flashcards
Two subfields of semantics, the study of linguistic ______, are ______ semantics, which is concerned with words, and phrasal or ______ semantics, which is concerned with larger syntactic units
meaning / lexical / sentential
The relation between word and meaning is considered to be ______ and ______.
arbitrary / conventional
The part of grammar that contains the knowledge speakers have about individual words and morphemes is called the ______.
lexicon
The meaning of words can be at least partially specified by a set of semantic ______, which should not be confused with non-linguistic characteristics
properties
Heteronyms are words that are spelled ______ and pronounced ______. Different words that are pronounced the same but may not be spelt the same, are ______. These words are also called ______.
the same / differently / homophones / homonyms
True / False - Homographs are spelt the same, but not pronounced the same
False
When is a word said to be polysemous?
a. when its multiple meanings are related
b. when it can be understood in more than one way
a. when its multiple meanings are related
Words that have similar meaning are called ______, while antonyms are words that are ______ in meaning. A pair of antonyms can be ______, ______ or ______.
synonyms / opposite / complimentary / gradable / relational
the relationship of hyponymy is between a more general term, or ______, and a more specific instance of it.
hypernym
Using one word in the place of another to convey the same meaning is the use of:
a. metonyms
b. retronyms
c. meronyms
a. metonyms
What is the principle of compositionality
The meaning of a phrase or sentence depends on both the meaning of its words and how they are combined
While words point to an external referent (______), they also have an additional ______ (intension). In a sentence, their relationship to the main verb can be defined in terms of ____________ such as agent, theme, and goal, This process is also called ______ assignment
(extension) / sense / thematic role / theta
Sentences also have intension and extension. This circumstance under which the extension of the sentence is valid is called the ______ of the sentence. Sentences are ______ when their truthfulness depends on extra-linguistic events. Other types of sentences may be true by definition (______) or false by definition (______)
truth conditions / synthetic / (analytical) / (contradictional)
Finally, well-structured discourse should follow a number of rules or maxims of conversation (Grice):
Q______,R______,M______, and Q______.
Quantity, Relevance, Manner, and Quality
