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Anatomy (Module 1) > Chapter 4 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

1) What are groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function.

A

1) Tissue.

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2
Q

2) What is the study of tissue and their relationship to organs

A

2) Histology.

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3
Q

3) What is the non-cellular material outside of cells produced by living cells (ex; bone material)

A

3) Extracellular matrix.

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4
Q

4) What are the 4 Types of Tissues

A

4) Connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, and nervous tissue.

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5
Q

5) Epithelial tissue lines every body surface and all body cavities; True (A) or False (B)

A

5) True.

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6
Q

6) What is composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells that form a barrier between two compartments having different components.

A

6) Epithelial tissue.

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7
Q

7) How much extracellular matrix is found in epithelial tissue?

A

7) Little to no extracellular matrix.

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8
Q

8) Many blood vessels penetrate an epithelium; True (A) or False (B)

A

8) False. No blood vessels penetrate.

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9
Q

9) What are the 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

A

9) Cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, innervation, and regeneration capacity.

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10
Q

10) What epithelial surface (free, or top, surface) is exposed to the body surface?

A

10) Apical surface.

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11
Q

11) The basal surface (fixed, or bottom, surface) of epithelial tissue is attached to what?

A

11) Underlying tissue.

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12
Q

12) What term means that epithelia lack blood vessels?

A

12) Avascularity.

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13
Q

13) How are nutrients obtained in an epithelial tissue?

A

13) Directly cross the apical surface or by diffusion across the basal surface.

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14
Q

14) Some epithelia are richly innervated to detect changes in the environment at that body or organ surface; True (A) or False (B)

A

14) True.

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15
Q

15) Frequently damaged or lost by abrasion and is replaced via what capacity?

A

15) High regeneration capacity.

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16
Q

16) Continual replacement occurs through the divisions of the which epithelial cells?

A

16) The deepest epithelial cells called stem cells.

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17
Q

17) What are the basic functions of Epithelial Tissue?

A

17) Protection of underlying tissues, regulation of materials into and out of the organ or tissue, produce secretions or excretions.

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18
Q

18) What structures in epithelial tissue continuously supply information to the nervous system concerning touch, pressure, temperature, and pain?

A

18) Nerve endings.

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19
Q

19) What are the four types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue?

A

19) Tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

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20
Q

20) What are the two ways that Epithelial Tissue is classified?

A

20) Number of layers and shape.

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21
Q

21) In an epithelial tissue, what do the terms, Simple, Stratified, and Pseudostratified mean?

A

21) Simple= One cell layer only
Stratified= Many layers (Like skin)
Pseudostratified= Looks like many layers due to uneven nuclei (one layer)

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22
Q

22) What are the 3 basic cell shapes found in epithelial tissue?

A

22) Squamous = Flat
Cuboidal= Square or round.
Columnar= Rectangular

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23
Q

23) What are individual cells or multicellular organs that produce substances needed in or on the body?

A

23) Glands.

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24
Q

24) What do the terms endocrine and exocrine mean?

A

24) Endocrine for use inside of body.

Exocrine for use outside of body or waste just to get rid of.

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25
Q

25) What glands lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid and/or bloodstream?

A

25) Endocrine glands.

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26
Q

26) Most endocrine glands produce what chemicals that act as chemical messengers to influence cell activities elsewhere in the body?

A

26) Produce hormones

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27
Q

27) Exocrine glands usually maintain their contact with the epithelial surface by means of;

A

27) A duct.

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28
Q

28) What glands are also called eccrine glands, package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles which travel to the apical surface of the glandular cell and release their secretion by exocytosis?

A

28) Merocrine glands.

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29
Q

29) In what type of gland is the secretion produced through the destruction of the secretory cell?

A

29) Holocrine gland.

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30
Q

30) In what type of gland is the secretion produced with the “decapitation” of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of secretory product and some cellular fragments.

A

30) Apocrine gland.

31
Q

31) Mammary glands and some sweat glands in the axillary and pubic regions are an example of an eccrine gland; True (A) or False (B)

A

31) False. Its an example of apocrine gland.

32
Q

32) What type of tissue is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues?

A

32) Connective tissue.

33
Q

33) What is connective tissue designed to do?

A

33) Support, protect, and bind.

34
Q

34) Connective tissue is never found where (normally)?

A

34) A body surface.

35
Q

35) What are the 5 Types of connective tissue?

A

35) Bone, cartilage, blood, loose, and dense.

36
Q

36) Connective tissue proper contains what cells?

A

36) Fibroblasts.

37
Q

37) Fat cells are called;

A

37) Adipocytes.

38
Q

38) Cartilage contains what cells?

A

38) Condrocytes

39
Q

39) Many CT’s contain white blood cells such as macrophages, which do what?

A

39) Phagocytize foreign materials.

40
Q

40) Most connective tissue contains what structures throughout the tissue?

A

40) Protein fibers.

41
Q

41) What is the function of protein fibers in connective tissues?

A

41) Strengthen and support.

42
Q

42) Type and abundance of these protein fibers varies in connective tissue depending on what?

A

42) Function.

43
Q

43) What are the three basic types of protein fibers found in connective tissue?

A

43) Collagen, elastic, and reticular.

44
Q

44) There are no protein fibers found in blood except when?

A

44) Injury.

45
Q

45) Cells and the protein fibers of connective tissue reside within a material called;

A

45) Ground substance.

46
Q

46) What produces the nonliving material in connective tissue?

A

46) Cells.

47
Q

47) What are the 5 Functions of Connective Tissue

A

47) Protection, storage, transport, binding of structures, and support and structural framework.

48
Q

48) The connective tissue types present after birth are classified into what three broad categories:

A

48) Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue.

49
Q

49) What are The 4 types of Resident Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper?

A

49) Fibroblast, Adipocytes, fixed macrophages, and mesenchymal cells.

50
Q

50) What are the 4 types of Wandering Cells of the Connective Tissue Proper?

A

50) Mast cells, plasma, macrophages, and other leukocytes.

51
Q

51) What are the 2 Broad Categories of Connective Tissue?

A

51) Loose and dense.

52
Q

52) What are the two types of Supporting Connective Tissue?

A

52) Bone and cartilage.

53
Q

53) What connective tissue has firm extra cellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance and living cells called chondrocytes?

A

53) Supporting connective tissue.

54
Q

54) Chondrocytes live in spaces called;

A

54) Lacuna.

55
Q

55) Cartilage is weaker and less flexible than other types of connective tissue; True (A) or False (B)

A

55) False.

56
Q

56) Where in the body is cartilage normally found?

A

56) Nose and ears ribs joints and IV disc.

57
Q

57) What is also known as osseous tissue?

A

57) Bone.

58
Q

58) Bone is more rigid and inflexible than cartilage; True (A) or False (B)

A

58) True.

59
Q

59) What is the function of the collagen fibers of bone?

A

59) Resists cracking.

60
Q

60) If you took a bone and put it in acid, the minerals would dissolve, but not the protein. If you did this to a femur that weighed 10 pounds, how heavy would it be when it came out?

A

60) 6.5 pounds.

61
Q

61) What would the consistency of that bone be after the acid?

A

61) Rubbery because protein is rubbery.

62
Q

62) The calcium in bone is provides what function?

A

62) Compression strength/ weight barring.

63
Q

63) The connective tissue layer surrounding the bone is called the;

A

63) Periostiam.

64
Q

64) What is the only fluid connective tissue in the body?

A

64) Blood.

65
Q

65) The scientific name for red blood cells and white blood cells are __________ and _____________

A

65) Red= Erythrocytes

White= Leukocytes.

66
Q

66) What blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues

A

66) Erythrocytes.

67
Q

67) What blood cells mount an immune response

A

67) Leukocytes.

68
Q

68) What blood cells are involved with blood clotting?

A

68) Platelets.

69
Q

69) What type of tissue responds to stimulation from the nervous system causing them to shorten?

A

69) Muscle tissue.

70
Q

70) Muscle cells can produce both voluntary and involuntary movements; True (A) or False (B)

A

70) True.

71
Q

71) What are the 3 types of muscle tissue, their locations, and functions?

A

71) Skeletal: Usually attached to bones and used for voluntary movements.
Cardiac: Found in the heart, involuntary
Smooth: Found in skin and internal organs such as small intestine, involuntary.

72
Q

72) What type of tissue consists of neurons, or nerve cells, and glial cells that support, protect, and provide a framework for neurons?

A

72) Nervous tissue.

73
Q

73) What cells detect stimuli, process information quickly, and rapidly transmit electrical impulses from one region of the body to another?

A

73) Neuron.

Anatomy (Module 1) (5 decks)

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