Chapter 4: Responding To And Preventing Crime Within A Community Policing Framework Flashcards
INTRODUCTION
Top five responses to an Environics public opinion poll in 1997 revealed that The following are what people believed would be the most effective in reducing the level of crime.
- ________________
- Increasing social programs
- Providing more police and correctional officers
- Increasing crime prevention
- Public/community awareness and neighbors watching out for one another
Tougher sentencing
INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion of community-based programs designed to respond to a variety of problems and issues. Many of these developments are in response to the 1993 Report of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General that outlined the Safer Communities Strategy, commonly referred to as the ___________________________.
The four principles of the safer communities approach are:
- The community is the focal point of effective crime prevention
- The community must identify and respond to both short and long-term needs.
- Crime prevention efforts should bring together individuals from a range of sectors to tackle crime.
- Strategies for preventing crime should be supported by the entire community.
Safer communities approach to crime prevention
INTRODUCTION
Another major initiative is the Safer Communities Initiative, which was launched in 1998 as part of the federal government’s national strategy on community safety and crime prevention. Administered by the national crime prevention Center, it promotes integration between governmental and nongovernmental partners, and assist communities in developing and implementing community based solutions to crime with a particular emphasis on children, youth, aboriginal people, and women.
The national crime prevention strategy is what it is called today
True or false?
True
INTRODUCTION
The implementation of the principles of community policing has resulted in a fundamental shift in the roles and activities of line patrol officers. This was accomplished by _________________the traditional command and control hierarchy. Granting officers responsibility for crime and disorder prevention at the neighborhood level has create opportunities for both a more proactive approach and for broadening the role activities of police officers.
Decentralizing
PROACTIVE TARGETED STRATEGIES
Proactive targeted strategies rely on the use of patrol for the apprehension, deterrence, and incapacitation of criminal offenders. Among the strategies used are:
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ > repeat offender targeting > saturation patrol > roadblocks > repeat complaint address Policing
Cover patrol
PROACTIVE TARGETED STRATEGIES
In contrast to traditional patrol, which is random and incident driven, patrol within a targeted strategy is undertaken for three related reasons:
- To achieve visibility
The presence of an officer may eliminate the opportunity for someone to commit a crime, as well as allowing the officer to investigate leads and observe infractions of the law. - ________________
Patrolling allows the officer to be proactive by determining the opportunities for criminal behavior and initiating appropriate Preventative strategies. This maintains contact with the community and encourages cooperation and trust between officers and citizens. - To provide for rapid response
Patrolling provides the officer with an opportunity to respond or react quickly to calls for service.
Directed forms of patrol are usually either location or person oriented. Directed patrol may also be event oriented, especially at large public gatherings were violence is anticipated. In contrast to random, reactive strategies, tactical or directed patrol strategies give police managers greater control over their most valuable resources - the time and activities of patrol officers.
To pursue proactive policing
PROACTIVE TARGETED STRATEGY
ADDRESSING CRIME: TACTICAL OR DIRECTED PATROL
Tactical or directed patrol involves saturating high crime areas, called ____________ with police officers or targeting individuals involved in specific types of criminal activity.
Tactical or directed patrol projects share four common characteristics:
- Patrol is based on a thorough analysis of crime data
- Officers use uncommitted time to engage in purposeful activity
- Officers have specific instructions directing their activities.
- Officers are proactive and, as a result, may seem aggressive
Hotspots
PROACTIVE TARGETED STRATEGY
ADDRESSING CRIME: TACTICAL OR DIRECTED PATROL
Hotspots are operationally defined a small clusters of addresses with frequent ______________ (holdup alarms, shootings, stabbings, Auto thefts, thefts from autos, assaults, and sexual assaults).
As well a substantial _______________ for service (audible break in alarms, disturbances, drunks, noise, unwanted persons, vandalism, prowlers, fights, and physical injuries)
Hard crime calls
Soft crime calls.
PROACTIVE TARGETED STRATEGY
ADDRESSING CRIME: TACTICAL OR DIRECTED PATROL
THE PROBLEMS OF TACTICAL OR DIRECTED PATROL
Well there is _______________evidence that tactical or directed patrol produces more positive outcomes then does random, reactive patrol, the success of this approach to police work requires that police services resolve a number of issues. These include:
> developing strategies to alter the roll and attitude of police officers from reactive to proactive.
convincing patrol officers that their current call loads do not preclude carrying out tactical or directed patrol projects
analyzing crime patterns, trends, and patrol officer workloads and activities
dealing with diminished police resources, which inhibit the ability to implement tactical or directed patrol
Conclusive
CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS
Any discussion of the effectiveness of crime prevention initiatives must be tempered with the following observation: the causes of crime and disorder in any community are _______ and ________.
Varied and complex
CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS
Today policing efforts fall within the __________________________, which aims to reduce crime and victimization by tackling crime before it happens. National strategy is based on the principle that the surest way to reduce crime is to focus on the factors that put individuals at risk, such as family violence, school programs, and drug abuse.
National crime prevention strategy
CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS
The diversity of _________________ programs can be classified into two broad groups:
- Situational crime prevention strategies
These seek to reduce the availability and attractiveness of opportunities to commit criminal activity - Crime prevention through social development
Which focuses on addressing the root causes of crime and disorder
The primary objective of these programs is to prevent crime and reduced levels of criminal activity.
Crime prevention
CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS
There are a number of theories that serve to guide prevention efforts in crime prevention. The following are two dominant theories.
- Rational choice theory
This theory focuses on the decision-making of potential offenders. Offenders are considered to act rationally and make decisions based on the information they have at hand About costs and benefits, without thinking through alternative courses of action. - _________ activities theory.
Offenders are involved in a rational and calculated assessment of criminal opportunities, risks, and potential rewards. The theory requires three elements to be present for a crime to take place a suitable target, a motivated offender, and the absence of a safeguard to protect the victim or deter the offender. To prevent crime at least one of these elements needs to be altered.
Routine activities theory
CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS
Traditionally, crime prevention initiatives fall into three categories.
- Primary prevention
Primary prevention programs are the most common type of crime prevention initiatives and are most often directed toward property offenses. They are designed to identify opportunities for criminal offenses and to alter these conditions in an attempt to reduce the likelihood of Crimes being committed. - Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention programs focus on areas that produce crime and other types of disorder and seek to identify high-risk offenders. They are often based on crime area analysis. Strategies include neighborhood dispute resolution and the diversion of offenders, as well as various school-based crime prevention initiatives and intervention programs for youth. Example- high school liaison officers, VIP officers, School safety officers. - __________ prevention
Tertiary prevention programs are designed to deter, incapacitate, and rehabilitate offenders. The focus is on intervening with youth and adult offenders in an attempt to reduce the likelihood of further criminal behavior. The majority of Tertiary prevention programs are conducted within the criminal justice system and generally do not involve police.
Tertiary
CRIME PREVENTION PROGRAMS
The following are some of the more common primary crime prevention programs:
> operation identification
Neighborhood watch
Is one of the oldest and best known crime prevention programs
citizen patrols
media-based programs
preventing crime at places: crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This sets out to reduce criminal opportunities by altering the physical environment of the structures and places.
POP (P______ O______ P________). Is most often cited as a primary component of community policing and as an alternative to the traditional, reactive model of policing. This strategy focuses on the prevention of criminal activity rather than merely the response to it. It involves the community as a partner and identifying and resolving community problems. There are several clearly defined stages, usually referred to SARA:
S__________. Identifying the problem
A__________. Determining the cause, scope, and effect of the problem
R__________. Developing a plan to address and solve the problem
A__________. Determining whether the response was effective.
POP - problem oriented policing
SARA. Scan, Analysis, Response, Assessment
