Chapter 4 - Respiration Flashcards
what does aerobic mean ?
Something that requires oxygen
Word equation for aerobic respiration ?
carbon dioxide ( is breathed out ) + water ( kept in the body of lost through sweating or breathing) + energy WHICH IS RELEASED NOT PRODUCED
State some uses of energy in animals and plants ?
1 plants build amino acids from sugars & nitrates - both plants and animals build these into larger proteins
2 warm Blooded animals generate a lot of heat to keep their body at a constant temperature
3 animals use energy to contract muscles throughout their body for movement
Why does repatriation have to be continual in plant and animal cells?
It is constant because cells constantly need to release energy from glucose (respiration) to be able to function
Where does aerobic respiration occur ?
Inside the mitochondria in every cell, where they have a folded membrane covered in enzymes
Why do ( give examples ) some cella need more mitochondria?
Because they need to release MORE energy for processes like movement
Eg :
sperm cells
Muscle cells
Ciliated cells
Describe the test for carbon dioxide
Blowing through limewater ( a solution of calcium hydroxide ) as limewater turns cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide
What do all animals and plants produce as a by product of aerobic respiration? And how regularly ?
All the time they produce carbon dioxide as a by product
Why does breathing rate increase during exercise ?
- more oxygen can be delivered to the muscles
- more glucose to the muscles
- faster removal of carbon dioxide
- faster removal of lactic acid
Why does your heart rate increase during exercise ?
Because more blood must be supplied to the muscle cells, so the heart beats harder and faster
Equation for anaerobic respiration ?
Glucose - lactic acid + energy
What affect does the build up of lactic acid have on muscle activity ?
It stops muscle fibres from contacting efficiently causing muscle fatigue
Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration ?
It only releases around 5 percent molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration
Rhe waste product is lactic acid rather than carbon dioxide and water
- incomplete breakdown of glucose
What is the word equation for the breakdown of lactic acid ?
Lactic acid + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water
Define oxygen debt ?
The amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water ( the oxygen you have to put back in )
What substance gives the correct PH for enzyme action in the stomach ?
Hydrochloric acid
How would a baby food be used to pre treat baby food ? What affect would it have on it ?
- breaks down / digests food from protein to amino acids
- makes them softer or funnier
Explain how proteins are digesters using protease ?
- protease enzymes are produced by the stomach, pancreas and small intestine
- no digestion occurs in the pancreas the enzymes just flow to the small intestine
- proteins are digested into amino acids in your stomach and small intestine
Explain how carbohydrates are digested using enzymes ?
- amylase produced in salivary glands where digestion starts
- amylase is also made in the pancreas & small intestine but NO DIGESTION OCCURS IN THE PANCREAS
- the enzymes flow into the small intestine where most of the starch is digested
Explain how fats are digested?& what enzymes digest fats?
LIPIDS are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine, using lipase enzymes
- these are made in the pancreas and small intestine,
- no digestion occurs in the pancreas so it flows to the small intestine
What happens once your food molecules have been completely digested ?
Once they are : Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids Glycerol
They leave your small intestine to be passed into your bloodstream, and carried to the cells which need rhem
What is the name of the process which makes lactic acid in muscles?
Anaerobic respiration
When you run faster why is more lactic acid made?3
More energy is needed
Not enough oxygen can be supplied to muscles
So more anaerobic respiration
Why do plants need a supply of nitrogen?
To make protein
What ion do plants take in to supply them with nitrogen?
Nitrate
Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by the?
Lung
How do plants get energy?
Light is trapped by chloroplasts
How do plants use the glucose they make?
Starch and fat for storage
To make amino acids
To make cellulose
How are chemical reactions inside cells controlled?
Using enzymes
What chemical reactions occur during aerobic respiration?
Releasing energy
Using glucose and oxygen
Where do most aerobic respiration reactions occur?
In the mitochondria
Why does an organism use energy released during respiration?
- to build larger molecules from smaller ones
- in animals (to enable muscles to contract)
- in mammals and birds (to maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings)
- in plants (to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then built up into proteins)
In plants what do they use energy for?
To build sugars nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids
Which are then built up into proteins
During exercise, what changes occur in the body?
Heart rate increases
Rate and depth of breathing increase
During exercise, why is there an increase in heart rate and rate and depth of breathing?
To increase blood flow to muscles
So increase the supply of sugar and oxygen and increase the rate of removal of carbon dioxide
How do muscles store glucose?
As glycogen
Why do muscles store glucose as glycogen?
So that it can be then converted back to glucose for use during exercise
When does anaerobic respiration occur?
If there is insufficient oxygen reaching the muscles
What is anaerobic respiration?
The incomplete breakdown of glucose and produces lactic acid
Why is much less energy produced in anaerobic respiration?
The breakdown of glucose is incomplete
Why does oxygen debt have to be repaid?
In order to oxide lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water
What does fatigue mean?
They stop contracting efficiently
How is lactic acid removed?
Blood flowing through the muscles removing the lactic acid
Name a cause of muscle fatigue?
Build up of lactic acid in the muscles
Why do mitochondria have a folded inner membrane?
This provides a large surface area for enzymes involved in aerobic respiration
How can you tell how active a cell is?
Number of mitochondria
In animals, why do is respiration needed?
Muscles contract
Heart beats, you breathe, gut churns
All muscular activities use energy
Why do living cells need respiration?
They need energy for basic functions
They build large molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material
Much of the energy released in respiration is used for synthesis reactions
Eg sugars,nitrates–> amino acids —> proteins
Why do mammals need respiration?
Mammals and birds keep their bodies at a constant temperature inside almost regardless of the temperature of their surroundings
on cold days you will use the energy to keep warm
On warm days this energy is used to sweat and keep your body cool
How do muscles store glucose?
As the carbohydrate glycogen
Muscle tissue is made up of what?
Protein fibres
When muscle tissue is supplied with energy from respiration what happens?
Protein fibres contract as muscle fibres need a lot of energy to contract
What happens to heart rate and the arteries when muscular activity increased?
Heart rate increases arteries supplying blood to muscles dilate
The changes increases the blood flow to the exercising muscles
This increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose to the muscles
It also increases the rate tjay carbon dioxide is removed from the muscles
What happens to breathing rate when muscular activity increases?
More often
Bring more air into your lungs each time you breathe in
More oxygen is brought into your body and picked up by the red blood cells
Oxygen is carried to exercising muscles
More carbon dioxide removed from blood in lungs when we breathe out
Benefits of exercise?
Heart and lungs become larger
They develop a bigger and more efficient blood supply
How is lactic acid removed?
Blood flowing through the muscles removed lactic acid
Definition of oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water is known as oxygen debt
after a race, why does heart rate and breathing rate stay high?
To supply the extra oxygen needed to pay off the oxygen debt
Why are cells produced by mitosis genetically identical?
DNA replicates
With an anaerobic respiration, why does recovery take longer?
More anaerobic respiration
Greater oxygen debt
More lactic acid needed to breakdown
Higher blood flow needed to deliver more oxygen
WHY DOES AEROBIC RESPIRATION OCCUR?
TO PROVIDE ENERGY
