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B2 - Biology > Chapter 3 - Enzymes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Enzymes Flashcards

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0
Q

List two proteins found inside living organisms ?

A

Actin and Myosin

Inside muscle cells allow them to contract

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1
Q

Describe the structure of protein molecules ?

A

formed form chains of Amino acids

which then fold and coil into a special shape

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2
Q

Define the term catalyst ?

A

A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction

At the end of the reaction the catalyst is chemically un changed

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3
Q

Define the term enzyme

A

Protein molecules which act as biological catalysts

They change the ate of chemical reactions without being affected at the end of the reaction

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4
Q

Why are some enzymes denatured by high temperatures ?*

A

The heat damages the shape of the active site of the enzyme and the reaction stops -

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5
Q

Why are enzymes specific ?

A

They are specific so they only fit perfectly wih one substrate, meaning each can only catalyse one reaction

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6
Q

How do different PH values affect the activity of different enzymes ? & why

A

It caused the H+ or OH- ions to change the forces that hold the active site in its specific shape

This then prevents the substrate from bonding with it, which slows down the reaction until the enzyme is eventually denatured

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7
Q

Examples of where enzymes can be used in the home and in industry ?

A

Baby foods
Sugar syrup
Fructose syrup
Biological detergents

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8
Q

Why do biological detergents work better than non biological detergents at removing protein and fat stains ?

A

They use enzymes such as protease and lipase to break down the dirt that stains our clothes, they can be washed away easier making our clothes cleaner

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9
Q

Advantages & disadvantages of biological detergents ?

A
  • work at a low temperature which would otherwise have to be high
  • damages the clothes less
  • this saves money
  • also saved electricity
  • people can be allergic
  • can’t be used to wash clothes by hand
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10
Q

advantages of enzymes in industry ?

A

Reactions occur much faster than without enzymes
Reactions can occur at lower temperatures saving money and sometimes reducing damage
Quite cheap to grow microorganisms

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11
Q

Disadvantages of enzymes ?

A

Can be expensive to extract them

Conditions have to be controlled to optimise enzyme activity which can be expensive

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12
Q

List the digestive enzymes and the organs which produce them

A

Amylase : salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Protease : stomach, pancreas
Lipase : pancreas, small intestine
Bile : liver

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13
Q

How does protease break down proteins ?

A

Protease - protein - amino acids

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14
Q

How does amylase break down starch?

A

Amylase - starch - sugars

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15
Q

How are lipids (fats and oils)broken down by lipases?

A

Lipids - lipase ; fatty acids and glycerol

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16
Q

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration ?

A
  • oxygen is used in aerobic
  • more energy from aerobic
  • carbon dioxide & water are end products of aerobic
  • lactic acid is the end product of anaerobic
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17
Q

What 3 things identify someone as being fitter than another ?

A
  • lower resting heart rate
  • quicker recovery time
  • lower increase in heart rate
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18
Q

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration ?

A
  • oxygen is used in aerobic
  • more energy from aerobic
  • carbon dioxide & water are end products of aerobic
  • lactic acid is the end product of anaerobic
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19
Q

What 3 things identify someone as being fitter than another ?

A
  • lower resting heart rate
  • quicker recovery time
  • lower increase in heart rate
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20
Q

Name the product of protein digestion?

A

Amino acids

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21
Q

What is the name of the acid made by the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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22
Q

Name the product of protein digestion?

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

What type of enzyme digests protein?

A

Protease

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24
Q

Name the acid made by the stomach which allows pepsin to work well?

A

Hydrochloride acid

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25
Q

Why give a plant ions?

A

Plants are provided with the correct nutrients

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26
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions for healthy growth?

A

To make chlorophyll which traps light for photosynthesis

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27
Q

Describe the process of breaking down fat molecules?

A

Occurs in the small intestine

Lipase is produced by the pancreas and small intestine to do this:

Fats —- fatty acids and glycerol

The liver produced bile to neutralise conditions in the stomach and produce alkaline conditions in the intestine

Products are small molecules absorbed by small intestine

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28
Q

What does amylase speed up the digestion of?

A

Starch to produce sugars

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29
Q

Why do molecules of starch protein and fat need to be digested?

A

Large and insoluble

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30
Q

Describe the roles of the pancreas and the liver in the digestion of fats?

A

Pancreas produces lipase
Which breaks down dats into fatty acids + glycerol

Liver produced vile
Which neutralised acids
Provides most effective pH for lipase

Bile emulsified fats
Increasing the surface area for lipase to work on

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31
Q

Why carry out an experiment involving enzymes at 40 degrees?

A

Optimum temperature for enzyme activity

Any higher would denature the enzyme

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32
Q

Explain why fructose instead of glucose is used in slimming foods?

A

Fructose is sweeter

So less is needed

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33
Q

Name the enzyme that turns glucose into fructose?

A

Isomerase

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34
Q

What enzyme turns starch into glucose?

A

Carbohydrase

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35
Q

Explain how bile affects the digestion of food in the small intestine?

A

Neutralised acid
Enzymes work more effectively
Emulsified fats to give them a larger surface area

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36
Q

What happens to food containing protein after it had been swallowed?

A

Digested by protease enzyme from stomach/pancreas
In small intestine
Into amino acids (which are smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the blood)

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37
Q

Name the site of production of bile?

A

Liver

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38
Q

Name the sites of production of amylase?

A

Mouth
Salivary gland
Small intestine
Pancreas

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39
Q

Name the site of production of lipase?

A

Pancreas

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40
Q

Name the sites of production of protease?

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Pancreas

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41
Q

Describe how the liver helps to digest fats?

A

Produces bile

Emulsified fat

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42
Q

What are protein molecules made up of?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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43
Q

Describe the functions of proteins?

A

Antibodies
Catalysts
Hormones
Structural components of tissues (eh muscles)

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44
Q

What is the shape of protein?

A

Long chains are folded into a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein

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45
Q

Describe the function of digestive enzymes?

A

Pass out of the cells into the gut
Where they come into contact with food molecules
They catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules

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46
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

A

By specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut

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47
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

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48
Q

What does protease do?

A

It catalysed the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine

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49
Q

Where are protease enzymes produced?

A

Small intestine
Pancreas
Stomach

50
Q

What do protease enzymes do?

A

Catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine

51
Q

Where are lipase enzymes produced?

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

52
Q

What do lipase enzymes do?

A

They catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol
In the small intestine

53
Q

What does the stomach produce?

A

Hydrochloric acid

54
Q

Why is Hydrochloric acid produced stomach?

A

The enzymes in the stomach work more effectively in these acid conditions

55
Q

Where is vile stored?

A

In the gall bladder

56
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver

57
Q

What happens after the bile is produced by the liver?

A

Stored in the gall bladder

Released into the small intestine

58
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralised the acid that was added to food in the stomach

Providing alkaline conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine work most effectively

59
Q

What may biological detergents contain?

A

Proteases

Lipase

60
Q

In industry why are carbohydrades used?

A

To convert starch into sugar syrup

61
Q

Describe the function of Isomerase?

A

Used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup

Which is much sweeter and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in slimming foods

62
Q

Disadvantages of enzymes in industry?

A

Denatured at high temperatures

Costly to produce

63
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Large protein molecules that act as biological catalysts

64
Q

Example of changing certain molecules into others?

A

Glucose to fructose

65
Q

What happens once the substrate is in place?

A

The enzyme and substrate bind together

66
Q

Describe the process of enzymes?

A

1) substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme (like a lock and key) and bind together
2) the substrate splits into products which leave the active site and are released from the surface of the enzyme

67
Q

What main two things do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes can join small molecules together

As well as break up large ones

68
Q

What happens if milk is left for a week or two?

A

The enzyme in bacteria will break down the protein structure

69
Q

Describe the denaturing of enzymes?

A

The long amino acid chains begin to unravel
The shape of the active site is changed
The enzyme is denatured

70
Q

How does pH chain enzyme action?

A

The forces which hold the folded chains of the enzyme in its shape are effected by pH
Therefore the active site is lost so the enzyme no longer acts as a catalyst

71
Q

Why is it dangerous to have too high a temperature?

A

Without enzymes nothing in the body would happen fast enough to keep you alive
Thus if enzymes are denatured you will soon die

72
Q

What does the shape of the active site come from?

A

The forces between the different parts of the protein molecules

73
Q

What controlle the chemical breakdown of food?

A

Enzymes

74
Q

Where do most enzymes work?

A

Inside the cells of the body

75
Q

Where do digestive enzymes work?

A

They work outside the cells
They are produced by specialised cells in glands
And in the lining of your gut

76
Q

What is the gut?

A

A hollow muscular tube that squeezes your food

77
Q

How is food moved in the gut?

A

Muscles

78
Q

Once enzymes in digestion have been produced by specialised cells in glands, what happens?

A

The enzymes pass out of these cells into the gut itself
Food is broken into small pieces at large surface area for enzymes to work on
It mixes food with digestive kicked so that enzymes come into contact with as much of the food as possible

79
Q

What is one of the most common carbohydrates?

A

Starch

80
Q

Where is starch broken down?

A

Mouth and small intestine

81
Q

What catalysed the breakdown of carbohydrates?

A

The enzyme of amylase

82
Q

What are carbohydrases broken down into?

A

Sugars

83
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands

Pancreas
Small intestine

84
Q

What does not happen in the pancreas?

A

No digestion

85
Q

Where is most of the starch digested?

A

In the small intestine

86
Q

What foods are broken down with the catalyst of protease enzymes?

A

Protein foods like meat dish and cheese

87
Q

Where does the breakdown of proteins take place?

A

In the stomach and small intestine

88
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

89
Q

Where are lipase enzymes made?

A

In the pancreas and pass into the small intestine

90
Q

Examples of soluble food molecules?

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids and glycerol

91
Q

What happens once food molecules have been completely digested?

A

They leave the small intestine
They pass into the bloodstream
To be carried around the body to the cells which need them

92
Q

What condition does protease (found in the stomach) to work best?

A

Acidic conditions

93
Q

What conditions do protease (made in the pancreas) need to work best?

A

Alkaline conditions

94
Q

Roughly how many glands are there in the lining of the stomach?

A

35 million glands

95
Q

Why does the stomach produce Hydrochloric acid?

A

Protease enzymes work best in acidic conditions

Kills most of the bacteria that you take in with your food

96
Q

Why does the stomach have a thick layer of mucus?

A

This coats your stomach walls and protects them from being digested by the acid and the enzymes

97
Q

What adaptations does the stomach have for digestion?

A

Mucus which coats the stomach walls

Released Hydrochloric acid

98
Q

What colour is bile?

A

Greenish yellow

99
Q

Once food has left the stomach where does it go?

A

Small intestine,

Some of the enzyme involved in this later stage are produced in the small intestine and some in the pancreas

100
Q

How does the acidic liquid coming from the stomach become alkaline?

A

The liver makes an alkaline liquid called bile

As food comes into the small intestine from the stomach, bile is squirted onto it
The bile neutralised the acid from the stomach and then makes the semi digested food alkaline

Making the ideal conditions needed for the enzymes in the small intestine

101
Q

What is the secondary function of bile?

A

It emulsified the cats in your food
This means bile physically breaks up large drops of day into smaller droplets
This provides a much bigger surface area for the lipase enzymes to act on
The larger the surface area helps the lipase chemically break down the fats more quickly into fatty acids and glycerol

102
Q

What does bile do?

A

EMULSIFIES

bile is not an ENZYME

103
Q

Where is food NOT digested?

A

Liver

Pancreas

104
Q

Why do fats need bile?

A

They need to be emulsified
As fats that are eaten do not mix with watery liquids in the gut
They stay as large ‘globules’ that make it difficult for the lipase enzymes to act

105
Q

What can biological detergents be used for?

A

Remixing stains such as grass, sweat and food

Enzymes break down the proteins and fats in stains

106
Q

What temperature do biological detergents need?

A

Lower temperatures because enzymes work best a lower temperature
Less electricity is used

107
Q

Why are professes used to make baby foods?

A

They ‘predigest’ some of the protein in the food
Tearing the food with protease enzymes make it easier for a baby’s digestive system to cope with
It is easier for them to get the amino acids they need from their food

108
Q

What are carbohydrases used for?

A

Converting starch into sugar

109
Q

What is starch used for in industry?

A

Starch is made by plants like corn and is very cheap
Using enzymes to convert this plant starch into sweet sugar provides a cheap source of sweetness for food manufacturers

It is also an important process for making fuel from plants

110
Q

What is the glucose syrup from plants used for?

A

Made from starch, the glucose syrup is turned into fructose syrup by the enzyme Isomerase

111
Q

Why convert glucose to fructose?

A

Much smaller amounts are needed to make food taste sweet
Fructose are used in slimming foods
The food tastes sweet which contains fewer calories

112
Q

What do most enzymes end in?

A

Ase

113
Q

How are enzymes used to diagnose disease?

A

If the liver is damaged or diseased
Some liver enzymes may leak out into the bloodstream

Doctors can test blood for these enzymes
This will tell them if the liver is really damaged

114
Q

How are enzymes used to diagnose and control disease?

A

Too much glucose in their blood (diabetes)
So they have glucose in urine

There can be tested for using a colour change on a test strip containing an chemical enzyme
It is placed in a urine sample
The enzyme catalysts the breakdown of glucose found in the grime
The strip changes colour of the products of the reaction are present
Showing if glucose was in the original sample

115
Q

Properties of protease?

A

Produced in stomah, pancreas and small intestine

Catalysed the breakdown of PROTEINS into AMINO ACIDS in the stomach and small intestine

116
Q

Properties of lipase?

A

Produced by pancreas and small intestine

Catalysts the breakdown of LIPIDS into FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL in the small intestine

117
Q

Properties of amylase?

A

Produced in SALIVARY GLANDS PANCREAS AND SMALL INTESTINE

Catalysts breakdown of STARCH into SUGARS in the mouth and small intestine

118
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Excess water is absorbed from food

119
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Churns food with muscular walls
Produces protease enzymes
Produced Hydrochloric acid (protease needs an acidic pH, kills bacteria)

120
Q

What happens in the pancreas?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase

It releases these into the small intestine

121
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Produces protease amylase and lipase
To complete digestion

Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system Ito the blood

122
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In they liver

B2 - Biology (6 decks)

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