Cells, Tissues And Organs Flashcards
What is the function of a ribsome?
Makes protein
How is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells different from in human muscle cells?
Doesn’t make lactic acid
How is a plant cell different from a bacterial cell?4
Plant cells have : a nucleus, a vacuole, chloroplasts, larger
What is the cell membrane?
Controls what moves in and out of the cell
What is a mitochondria? how big is it?
Something that releases energy for the cell in aerobic respiration
LARGER THAN RIBSOMES
What is the nucleus?
What contains the genetic information to control the activities of the cell
What is the cytoplasm?
Liquid mixture where the chemical reactions of the cell take place (catalysed by enzymes)
What is a ribsome?
Carries out protein synthesis ( builds protein to help the cell function )
What is a large vacuole?
Contains cell sap for storage
What is the cell wall? What is it made of?
Made of cellulose to provide strength and protection for the cell
What is in a plant cell and not an animal cell?3
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large vacuole
What’s in a yeast cell that’s special to it?
Good storage granule
How small are bacterial cells?
Less than 1mm in length
What’s special to a bacterial cell?4
Flagellum
Plasmid
Slime capsule
Genetic material
What is a plasmid?
Extra loops of DNA
What do bacterial cells have similar to plant cells?
Cell wall
What is a flagella?
It lashes about to move the cell
What is a slime capsule for?
Added protection
How do we specialise root hair cell?2
Long hair - increases area for waster and mineral absorption
Large permanent vacuole - increases water intake by osmosis
Why do fat cells have a small cytoplasm and very few mitochondria?
- allows space for fat to be shared , allowing the cell to expand up to 1,000 times its original size to store fat
What do retinal cells have that is specialised?2
1 Visual pigment that chemically reacts to light
2 Lots of mitochondria in a middle segment to produce energy to reform the visual pigment
What is the main job of a leaf mesophyll cell?
Carry out photosynthesis
What does the muscle tissue do?
Produces movement
What is epithelial tissue?
Covers surfaces to protect them
In plants, what does xylem tissue do?
Carries water
In plants, what does phloem tissue do?
It carries sugar
What tissues do the stomach have?3
Muscle tissue
Glandular tissue
Epithelial tissue
What does glandular tissue do?
It releases digestive juices
What does epithelial tissue do?
Lines the inside of the stomach
What does the muscle tissue do?2
It churns food
Digestive juices
What is an organ?
Several tissues working together for a particular function
In plants what two tissues in a leaf transport substances around the plant?
Xylem
Phloem
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from high to low concentration
How do the mitochondria help the sperm carry out its function?
Release energy
How is the nucleus of a sperm different from the nucleus of body cells?
Contains half the number of chromosomes
One set of chromosomes
Where do most of the chemical reactions take place in a cell?
Cytoplasm
What is a symptom of nitrate deficiency in plants?
Stunted growth
What is a symptom of magnesium deficiency in plants?
Yellow leaves
What is the function of nitrates and magnesium in plants?
Nitrates- produce amino acids
Magnesium- produced chlorophyll
What organ makes lipase?
Pancreas
Small intestine
General control variables?
Type of material
Amount of material
Temperature
Concentration of material
Why does pH decrease in the digestion of lipase?
Fatty acid production
Function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach?
Contracts to churn food
What is mitochondria?
Transfer energy for use
By aerobic respiration
What does protein synthesis do?
Makes protein
What is the cell wall made from?
Cellulose
Describe chloroplasts?
Found in green parts of a plant
Green because they contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis
Describe a permenant vacuole?
Space in the cytoplasm filled with sap
Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant
What size are bacteria?
Less than one micrometer in length
What is in a bacterial cell?
Cytoplasm Cell membrane Slime capsule Cell wall Plasmid Flagella Genetic material
What is a plasmid?
A loop of DNA
That carried genetic information
What is a flagellum?
Long protein strand that lashes about
Used to move around
What is inside a yeast cell?
Nucleus containing genetic material
Cytoplasm
Membrane surrounded by a cell wall
How do yeast cells vary in size?
3-4 micrometers
How do yeast reproduce?
Asexual budding :
This involves a new yeast cell growing out from the original cell to form a new separate yeast organism
Why are yeast cells specialised?
To enable them to survive for a long time with very little oxygen
What do yeast do to obtain energy when there is a lack of oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration : they break down sugar in the absence of oxygen, they produce ethanol and CO2
What is the anaerobic respiration of yeast?
Fermentation
How are fat cells specialised to store fat?
Small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat
Few mitochondria as the cell needs very little energy
They can expand (up to 1000 times the original size) as it fills up with fat
What are cone cells?
Light sensitive layer of the eye (retina)
They make it possible for you to see in colour
How are cons cells adapted?
- outer segment contains a visual pigment which chemically changes in coloured light
- lots of mitochondria as they release energy needed to reform the visual pigment
- optic nerve (coloured light makes visual pigment change and an impulse is triggered that travels along the optic nerve to the brain)
How are root hair cells specialised?
They are adapted with an increased surface are for water to move into the cell
Large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
Why are root hair cells always close to xylem?
The xylem carries water and mineral ions to the rest of the plant
How are sperm cells adapted?
Long tail that whips from side to side and helps move sperm towards the egg
Middle section is full of mitochondria (provides energy for sperm to work)
Large nucleus containing genetic information to be passed on
Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
What does muscular tissue do?
Churns food and digestive juices of the stomach together
What does glandular tissue do?
Produces digestive juices that break down food
What does epithelial tissue do?
Covers the inside and outside of an organ
What does glandular tissue contain?
Secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
What are mesophyll tissues?
Plant tissues that contain lots of chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis
Why do cells differentiate?
To become specialised to carry out particular jobs
Functions of the pancreas?
Makes hormones to control blood sugar
Makes enzymes that divest our food
What functions do organ systems carry out?
Transporting blood
Digesting food
How are organs in the body adapted for exchange?
Increased surface area
Increased concentration gradient (faster diffusion)
Good blood supply
What occurs in the digestive system?
Large insoluble molecules
Are broken down/digested to form smaller,soluble molecules
What two organs do most of the digesting?
Stomach
Small intestine
What is the digestive system?
A muscular tube that squeezes your food through it
How and why are digestive juices released throughout the digestion process?
Glands make and release digestive juices containing enzymes to break down food
How are larger insoluble food molecules made into smaller soluble ones?
Enzymes
Where are soluble food molecules absorbed into the blood?
Small intestine where they are then transported in the blood
What do muscular walls in the digestive system do?
Squeeze undigested food onwards into your large intestine
In digestion, what occurs in the small intestine?
Water is absorbs from the undigested food into blood
The left material forms faeces
What is the function of leaf cells?
Photosynthesis?
What is the function of the stem?
Supports leaves and flowers
What is the function of the roots?
Taking up water and mineral ions from soul
What is the function of phloem?
Transporting dissolved food
What is the function f mesophyll tissue?
Photosynthesis
What is the function of xylem tissue?
Transporting water and minerals
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
Increasing the concentration gradient
Increasing surface area
Increasing temperature
How can you work out the net movement of particles?
Particles in - particles out
How does diffusion occur?
DOWN a concentration gradient
NOT
along a concentration gradient
How do amino acids pass through cell membranes?
Diffusion
Examples of diffusion in the body?
Oxygen moves to the Red blood cells by diffusion
Cons of using embryonic stem cells?
Harm to embryo
Unreliable
Embryo has a right to life
Positives of embryonic stem cells?
Can treat a wide variety of diseases
Many avalible
Painless
Otherwise wasted
Give two differences between animal cell and a bacterium cell?
They have a plasmid
They have a cell wall
What don’t bacterium always have?
Flagellum
What is the function of a cell membrane?
Controls what goes into and out of the cell
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains the genetic material and controls the cells activities
What shape are chloroplasts?
Almond shaped
What size are mitochondria?
Generally slightly smaller than a chloroplast
What is the function of a chloroplast?
Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Function of cell wall?
Supports the cell and strengthens it
What does the vacuole do?
Stored cell sap and helps to keep the cell rigid
What is yeast?
A single celled microorganism
How are palisade lead cells adapted for photosynthesis?
Lots of chloroplasts
Large surface area from a tall shape
Main ways plants use glucose?
Respiration Cell walls Proteins Seeds Starch
How do plants use glucose for making cell walls?
Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls
How do plants use glucose to make proteins?
Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are then made into protein
How do plants use glucose to store it as starch?
Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots
Starch is insoluble which does not interfere of water movements in cell
