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B2 - Biology > Cells, Tissues And Organs > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues And Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a ribsome?

A

Makes protein

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2
Q

How is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells different from in human muscle cells?

A

Doesn’t make lactic acid

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3
Q

How is a plant cell different from a bacterial cell?4

A

Plant cells have : a nucleus, a vacuole, chloroplasts, larger

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Controls what moves in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is a mitochondria? how big is it?

A

Something that releases energy for the cell in aerobic respiration

LARGER THAN RIBSOMES

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6
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

What contains the genetic information to control the activities of the cell

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Liquid mixture where the chemical reactions of the cell take place (catalysed by enzymes)

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8
Q

What is a ribsome?

A

Carries out protein synthesis ( builds protein to help the cell function )

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9
Q

What is a large vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap for storage

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10
Q

What is the cell wall? What is it made of?

A

Made of cellulose to provide strength and protection for the cell

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11
Q

What is in a plant cell and not an animal cell?3

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large vacuole

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12
Q

What’s in a yeast cell that’s special to it?

A

Good storage granule

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13
Q

How small are bacterial cells?

A

Less than 1mm in length

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14
Q

What’s special to a bacterial cell?4

A

Flagellum
Plasmid
Slime capsule
Genetic material

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15
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Extra loops of DNA

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16
Q

What do bacterial cells have similar to plant cells?

A

Cell wall

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17
Q

What is a flagella?

A

It lashes about to move the cell

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18
Q

What is a slime capsule for?

A

Added protection

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19
Q

How do we specialise root hair cell?2

A

Long hair - increases area for waster and mineral absorption

Large permanent vacuole - increases water intake by osmosis

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20
Q

Why do fat cells have a small cytoplasm and very few mitochondria?

A
  • allows space for fat to be shared , allowing the cell to expand up to 1,000 times its original size to store fat
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21
Q

What do retinal cells have that is specialised?2

A

1 Visual pigment that chemically reacts to light

2 Lots of mitochondria in a middle segment to produce energy to reform the visual pigment

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22
Q

What is the main job of a leaf mesophyll cell?

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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23
Q

What does the muscle tissue do?

A

Produces movement

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24
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers surfaces to protect them

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25
Q

In plants, what does xylem tissue do?

A

Carries water

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26
Q

In plants, what does phloem tissue do?

A

It carries sugar

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27
Q

What tissues do the stomach have?3

A

Muscle tissue
Glandular tissue
Epithelial tissue

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28
Q

What does glandular tissue do?

A

It releases digestive juices

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29
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Lines the inside of the stomach

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30
Q

What does the muscle tissue do?2

A

It churns food

Digestive juices

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31
Q

What is an organ?

A

Several tissues working together for a particular function

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32
Q

In plants what two tissues in a leaf transport substances around the plant?

A

Xylem

Phloem

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33
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from high to low concentration

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34
Q

How do the mitochondria help the sperm carry out its function?

A

Release energy

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35
Q

How is the nucleus of a sperm different from the nucleus of body cells?

A

Contains half the number of chromosomes

One set of chromosomes

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36
Q

Where do most of the chemical reactions take place in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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37
Q

What is a symptom of nitrate deficiency in plants?

A

Stunted growth

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38
Q

What is a symptom of magnesium deficiency in plants?

A

Yellow leaves

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39
Q

What is the function of nitrates and magnesium in plants?

A

Nitrates- produce amino acids

Magnesium- produced chlorophyll

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40
Q

What organ makes lipase?

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

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41
Q

General control variables?

A

Type of material
Amount of material
Temperature
Concentration of material

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42
Q

Why does pH decrease in the digestion of lipase?

A

Fatty acid production

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43
Q

Function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach?

A

Contracts to churn food

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44
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Transfer energy for use

By aerobic respiration

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45
Q

What does protein synthesis do?

A

Makes protein

46
Q

What is the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

47
Q

Describe chloroplasts?

A

Found in green parts of a plant
Green because they contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis

48
Q

Describe a permenant vacuole?

A

Space in the cytoplasm filled with sap

Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

49
Q

What size are bacteria?

A

Less than one micrometer in length

50
Q

What is in a bacterial cell?

A 
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Slime capsule
Cell wall
Plasmid
Flagella 
Genetic material
51
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A loop of DNA

That carried genetic information

52
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Long protein strand that lashes about

Used to move around

53
Q

What is inside a yeast cell?

A

Nucleus containing genetic material
Cytoplasm
Membrane surrounded by a cell wall

54
Q

How do yeast cells vary in size?

A

3-4 micrometers

55
Q

How do yeast reproduce?

A

Asexual budding :

This involves a new yeast cell growing out from the original cell to form a new separate yeast organism

56
Q

Why are yeast cells specialised?

A

To enable them to survive for a long time with very little oxygen

57
Q

What do yeast do to obtain energy when there is a lack of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration : they break down sugar in the absence of oxygen, they produce ethanol and CO2

58
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration of yeast?

A

Fermentation

59
Q

How are fat cells specialised to store fat?

A

Small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat
Few mitochondria as the cell needs very little energy
They can expand (up to 1000 times the original size) as it fills up with fat

60
Q

What are cone cells?

A

Light sensitive layer of the eye (retina)

They make it possible for you to see in colour

61
Q

How are cons cells adapted?

A
  • outer segment contains a visual pigment which chemically changes in coloured light
  • lots of mitochondria as they release energy needed to reform the visual pigment
  • optic nerve (coloured light makes visual pigment change and an impulse is triggered that travels along the optic nerve to the brain)
62
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

They are adapted with an increased surface are for water to move into the cell
Large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell

63
Q

Why are root hair cells always close to xylem?

A

The xylem carries water and mineral ions to the rest of the plant

64
Q

How are sperm cells adapted?

A

Long tail that whips from side to side and helps move sperm towards the egg
Middle section is full of mitochondria (provides energy for sperm to work)
Large nucleus containing genetic information to be passed on
Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg

65
Q

What does muscular tissue do?

A

Churns food and digestive juices of the stomach together

66
Q

What does glandular tissue do?

A

Produces digestive juices that break down food

67
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers the inside and outside of an organ

68
Q

What does glandular tissue contain?

A

Secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones

69
Q

What are mesophyll tissues?

A

Plant tissues that contain lots of chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis

70
Q

Why do cells differentiate?

A

To become specialised to carry out particular jobs

71
Q

Functions of the pancreas?

A

Makes hormones to control blood sugar

Makes enzymes that divest our food

72
Q

What functions do organ systems carry out?

A

Transporting blood

Digesting food

73
Q

How are organs in the body adapted for exchange?

A

Increased surface area
Increased concentration gradient (faster diffusion)
Good blood supply

74
Q

What occurs in the digestive system?

A

Large insoluble molecules

Are broken down/digested to form smaller,soluble molecules

75
Q

What two organs do most of the digesting?

A

Stomach

Small intestine

76
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

A muscular tube that squeezes your food through it

77
Q

How and why are digestive juices released throughout the digestion process?

A

Glands make and release digestive juices containing enzymes to break down food

78
Q

How are larger insoluble food molecules made into smaller soluble ones?

A

Enzymes

79
Q

Where are soluble food molecules absorbed into the blood?

A

Small intestine where they are then transported in the blood

80
Q

What do muscular walls in the digestive system do?

A

Squeeze undigested food onwards into your large intestine

81
Q

In digestion, what occurs in the small intestine?

A

Water is absorbs from the undigested food into blood

The left material forms faeces

82
Q

What is the function of leaf cells?

A

Photosynthesis?

83
Q

What is the function of the stem?

A

Supports leaves and flowers

84
Q

What is the function of the roots?

A

Taking up water and mineral ions from soul

85
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Transporting dissolved food

86
Q

What is the function f mesophyll tissue?

A

Photosynthesis

87
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A

Transporting water and minerals

88
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

89
Q

How can the rate of diffusion be increased?

A

Increasing the concentration gradient
Increasing surface area
Increasing temperature

90
Q

How can you work out the net movement of particles?

A

Particles in - particles out

91
Q

How does diffusion occur?

A

DOWN a concentration gradient

NOT

along a concentration gradient

92
Q

How do amino acids pass through cell membranes?

A

Diffusion

93
Q

Examples of diffusion in the body?

A

Oxygen moves to the Red blood cells by diffusion

94
Q

Cons of using embryonic stem cells?

A

Harm to embryo
Unreliable
Embryo has a right to life

95
Q

Positives of embryonic stem cells?

A

Can treat a wide variety of diseases
Many avalible
Painless
Otherwise wasted

96
Q

Give two differences between animal cell and a bacterium cell?

A

They have a plasmid

They have a cell wall

97
Q

What don’t bacterium always have?

A

Flagellum

98
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes into and out of the cell

99
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic material and controls the cells activities

100
Q

What shape are chloroplasts?

A

Almond shaped

101
Q

What size are mitochondria?

A

Generally slightly smaller than a chloroplast

102
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

103
Q

Function of cell wall?

A

Supports the cell and strengthens it

104
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

Stored cell sap and helps to keep the cell rigid

105
Q

What is yeast?

A

A single celled microorganism

106
Q

How are palisade lead cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Lots of chloroplasts

Large surface area from a tall shape

107
Q

Main ways plants use glucose?

A 
Respiration
Cell walls
Proteins
Seeds
Starch
108
Q

How do plants use glucose for making cell walls?

A

Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls

109
Q

How do plants use glucose to make proteins?

A

Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are then made into protein

110
Q

How do plants use glucose to store it as starch?

A

Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots

Starch is insoluble which does not interfere of water movements in cell

B2 - Biology (6 decks)

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