Cells, Tissues And Organs Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of a ribsome?
A
Makes protein
2
Q
How is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells different from in human muscle cells?
A
Doesn’t make lactic acid
3
Q
How is a plant cell different from a bacterial cell?4
A
Plant cells have : a nucleus, a vacuole, chloroplasts, larger
4
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
Controls what moves in and out of the cell
5
Q
What is a mitochondria? how big is it?
A
Something that releases energy for the cell in aerobic respiration
LARGER THAN RIBSOMES
6
Q
What is the nucleus?
A
What contains the genetic information to control the activities of the cell
7
Q
What is the cytoplasm?
A
Liquid mixture where the chemical reactions of the cell take place (catalysed by enzymes)
8
Q
What is a ribsome?
A
Carries out protein synthesis ( builds protein to help the cell function )
9
Q
What is a large vacuole?
A
Contains cell sap for storage
10
Q
What is the cell wall? What is it made of?
A
Made of cellulose to provide strength and protection for the cell
11
Q
What is in a plant cell and not an animal cell?3
A
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large vacuole
12
Q
What’s in a yeast cell that’s special to it?
A
Good storage granule
13
Q
How small are bacterial cells?
A
Less than 1mm in length
14
Q
What’s special to a bacterial cell?4
A
Flagellum
Plasmid
Slime capsule
Genetic material
15
Q
What is a plasmid?
A
Extra loops of DNA
16
Q
What do bacterial cells have similar to plant cells?
A
Cell wall
17
Q
What is a flagella?
A
It lashes about to move the cell
18
Q
What is a slime capsule for?
A
Added protection
19
Q
How do we specialise root hair cell?2
A
Long hair - increases area for waster and mineral absorption
Large permanent vacuole - increases water intake by osmosis
20
Q
Why do fat cells have a small cytoplasm and very few mitochondria?
A
- allows space for fat to be shared , allowing the cell to expand up to 1,000 times its original size to store fat
21
Q
What do retinal cells have that is specialised?2
A
1 Visual pigment that chemically reacts to light
2 Lots of mitochondria in a middle segment to produce energy to reform the visual pigment
22
Q
What is the main job of a leaf mesophyll cell?
A
Carry out photosynthesis
23
Q
What does the muscle tissue do?
A
Produces movement
24
Q
What is epithelial tissue?
A
Covers surfaces to protect them
25
In plants, what does xylem tissue do?
Carries water
26
In plants, what does phloem tissue do?
It carries sugar
27
What tissues do the stomach have?3
Muscle tissue
Glandular tissue
Epithelial tissue
28
What does glandular tissue do?
It releases digestive juices
29
What does epithelial tissue do?
Lines the inside of the stomach
30
What does the muscle tissue do?2
It churns food
| Digestive juices
31
What is an organ?
Several tissues working together for a particular function
32
In plants what two tissues in a leaf transport substances around the plant?
Xylem
| Phloem
33
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from high to low concentration
34
How do the mitochondria help the sperm carry out its function?
Release energy
35
How is the nucleus of a sperm different from the nucleus of body cells?
Contains half the number of chromosomes
| One set of chromosomes
36
Where do most of the chemical reactions take place in a cell?
Cytoplasm
37
What is a symptom of nitrate deficiency in plants?
Stunted growth
38
What is a symptom of magnesium deficiency in plants?
Yellow leaves
39
What is the function of nitrates and magnesium in plants?
Nitrates- produce amino acids
| Magnesium- produced chlorophyll
40
What organ makes lipase?
Pancreas
| Small intestine
41
General control variables?
Type of material
Amount of material
Temperature
Concentration of material
42
Why does pH decrease in the digestion of lipase?
Fatty acid production
43
Function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach?
Contracts to churn food
44
What is mitochondria?
Transfer energy for use
| By aerobic respiration
45
What does protein synthesis do?
Makes protein
46
What is the cell wall made from?
Cellulose
47
Describe chloroplasts?
Found in green parts of a plant
Green because they contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis
48
Describe a permenant vacuole?
Space in the cytoplasm filled with sap
| Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant
49
What size are bacteria?
Less than one micrometer in length
50
What is in a bacterial cell?
```
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Slime capsule
Cell wall
Plasmid
Flagella
Genetic material
```
51
What is a plasmid?
A loop of DNA
| That carried genetic information
52
What is a flagellum?
Long protein strand that lashes about
| Used to move around
53
What is inside a yeast cell?
Nucleus containing genetic material
Cytoplasm
Membrane surrounded by a cell wall
54
How do yeast cells vary in size?
3-4 micrometers
55
How do yeast reproduce?
Asexual budding :
| This involves a new yeast cell growing out from the original cell to form a new separate yeast organism
56
Why are yeast cells specialised?
To enable them to survive for a long time with very little oxygen
57
What do yeast do to obtain energy when there is a lack of oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration : they break down sugar in the absence of oxygen, they produce ethanol and CO2
58
What is the anaerobic respiration of yeast?
Fermentation
59
How are fat cells specialised to store fat?
Small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat
Few mitochondria as the cell needs very little energy
They can expand (up to 1000 times the original size) as it fills up with fat
60
What are cone cells?
Light sensitive layer of the eye (retina)
| They make it possible for you to see in colour
61
How are cons cells adapted?
- outer segment contains a visual pigment which chemically changes in coloured light
- lots of mitochondria as they release energy needed to reform the visual pigment
- optic nerve (coloured light makes visual pigment change and an impulse is triggered that travels along the optic nerve to the brain)
62
How are root hair cells specialised?
They are adapted with an increased surface are for water to move into the cell
Large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
63
Why are root hair cells always close to xylem?
The xylem carries water and mineral ions to the rest of the plant
64
How are sperm cells adapted?
Long tail that whips from side to side and helps move sperm towards the egg
Middle section is full of mitochondria (provides energy for sperm to work)
Large nucleus containing genetic information to be passed on
Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
65
What does muscular tissue do?
Churns food and digestive juices of the stomach together
66
What does glandular tissue do?
Produces digestive juices that break down food
67
What does epithelial tissue do?
Covers the inside and outside of an organ
68
What does glandular tissue contain?
Secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
69
What are mesophyll tissues?
Plant tissues that contain lots of chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis
70
Why do cells differentiate?
To become specialised to carry out particular jobs
71
Functions of the pancreas?
Makes hormones to control blood sugar
| Makes enzymes that divest our food
72
What functions do organ systems carry out?
Transporting blood
| Digesting food
73
How are organs in the body adapted for exchange?
Increased surface area
Increased concentration gradient (faster diffusion)
Good blood supply
74
What occurs in the digestive system?
Large insoluble molecules
| Are broken down/digested to form smaller,soluble molecules
75
What two organs do most of the digesting?
Stomach
| Small intestine
76
What is the digestive system?
A muscular tube that squeezes your food through it
77
How and why are digestive juices released throughout the digestion process?
Glands make and release digestive juices containing enzymes to break down food
78
How are larger insoluble food molecules made into smaller soluble ones?
Enzymes
79
Where are soluble food molecules absorbed into the blood?
Small intestine where they are then transported in the blood
80
What do muscular walls in the digestive system do?
Squeeze undigested food onwards into your large intestine
81
In digestion, what occurs in the small intestine?
Water is absorbs from the undigested food into blood
| The left material forms faeces
82
What is the function of leaf cells?
Photosynthesis?
83
What is the function of the stem?
Supports leaves and flowers
84
What is the function of the roots?
Taking up water and mineral ions from soul
85
What is the function of phloem?
Transporting dissolved food
86
What is the function f mesophyll tissue?
Photosynthesis
87
What is the function of xylem tissue?
Transporting water and minerals
88
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
89
How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
Increasing the concentration gradient
Increasing surface area
Increasing temperature
90
How can you work out the net movement of particles?
Particles in - particles out
91
How does diffusion occur?
DOWN a concentration gradient
NOT
along a concentration gradient
92
How do amino acids pass through cell membranes?
Diffusion
93
Examples of diffusion in the body?
Oxygen moves to the Red blood cells by diffusion
94
Cons of using embryonic stem cells?
Harm to embryo
Unreliable
Embryo has a right to life
95
Positives of embryonic stem cells?
Can treat a wide variety of diseases
Many avalible
Painless
Otherwise wasted
96
Give two differences between animal cell and a bacterium cell?
They have a plasmid
| They have a cell wall
97
What don't bacterium always have?
Flagellum
98
What is the function of a cell membrane?
Controls what goes into and out of the cell
99
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains the genetic material and controls the cells activities
100
What shape are chloroplasts?
Almond shaped
101
What size are mitochondria?
Generally slightly smaller than a chloroplast
102
What is the function of a chloroplast?
Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
103
Function of cell wall?
Supports the cell and strengthens it
104
What does the vacuole do?
Stored cell sap and helps to keep the cell rigid
105
What is yeast?
A single celled microorganism
106
How are palisade lead cells adapted for photosynthesis?
Lots of chloroplasts
| Large surface area from a tall shape
107
Main ways plants use glucose?
```
Respiration
Cell walls
Proteins
Seeds
Starch
```
108
How do plants use glucose for making cell walls?
Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls
109
How do plants use glucose to make proteins?
Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids, which are then made into protein
110
How do plants use glucose to store it as starch?
Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots
| Starch is insoluble which does not interfere of water movements in cell
