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OB - Spring 2016 > Chapter 4 - Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Reproductive Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The mother’s ovum carries a single __ chromosome and each of the father’s sperm carries either an __ or a Y

A

Ovum - x

sperm - X or Y

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2
Q

For the first 6 weeks of life, the baby really doesn’t have a sex. T/F?

A

True

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3
Q

Differentiation of sexual organs is complete at about __ weeks of gestational age.

A

12 weeks (although we can’t see it on the ultrasound quite yet)

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4
Q

At sexual maturity, the __ stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce hormones, which, in turn, stimulate sex hormone production.

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Secondary sex characteristics - def

A

the systems that differentiate females and males but do not directly relate to reproduction.

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6
Q

GnRH (Gonadatropin Releasing Hormone) slowly increases at about 9-12, until it stimulates the anterior pituitary to start producing FSH and LH. T/F?

A

True

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7
Q

Girls - usually start puberty about a year or so after boys. T/F?

A

FALSE - usually 6mo-1 year BEFORE boys.

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8
Q

Puberty in girls - first noticeable change is breasts. T/F?

A

True

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9
Q

About 2-2.5 years after the start of breast development, girls have their first ___.

A

Period (menarche)

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10
Q

Early menstrual periods are often irregular. T/F?

A

True

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11
Q

Delayed onset of menstruation is called ___ ___, meaning a girls periods has not started 2 years after her start of breast development or by 16 years old.

A

primary amenorrhea.

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12
Q

Secondary amenorrhea - def

A

absence of menstruation for at least three cycles after regular cycles have been establish for 6 months.

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13
Q

Where does GRH come from?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Where does GRH target?

A

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What does GRH do in females?

A

Stimualtes release of FSH and LH, starting puberty. Release is pulsatile.

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16
Q

What does GRH do in males?

A

Stimulates release of FSH and LH, initiating puberty.

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17
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Ant. Pitutary

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18
Q

What does FSH target?

A

Ovaries (female) and testes in male

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19
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

Stimulates final maturation of follicle and stimulates growth of graafian follicles before ovulation.

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20
Q

What does FSH do in men?

A

Stimulates leydig cells of tests to secrete testosterone.

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21
Q

What produces luteinizing hormone?

A

Ant. Pituitary

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22
Q

What does luteinizing hormone target?

A

Ovaries (female) and testes in male

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23
Q

WHat does luteinizing hormone do in females?

A

Stimulates final maturation of follice - surge at about day 14 of cycle - transforms graafian follicle into corpus luteum

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24
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do in males?

A

Needed for leydig cells to produce testosterone.

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25
Q

What produces estrogen?

A

Ovaries, coprus luteum, placenta (pregnancy), testes

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26
Q

What does estrogen target?

A

Internal and external reproductive organs, breasts, testes

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27
Q

What does estrogen do in females?

A

Maturation at puberty, stimulation of endometrium before ovulation, breasts, long bones, pregnancy growth, etc.

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28
Q

What does estrogen do in males?

A

Necessary for normal sperm production.

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29
Q

Where does progesterone come from?

A

Ovary, corpus luteum, placenta

30
Q

What does progesterone target?

A

Uterus, female breasts

31
Q

What does progesterone do in females?

A

Stimulate secretion of endometrial glands, gets ready for possible implantation, induces growth of cells of fallopian tubes and uterine lining during pregnancy

32
Q

What does progesterone do in males?

A

NOTHING, ha!

33
Q

Where does prolactin come from?

A

Anterior pituitary

34
Q

What area does prolactin target?

A

Breasts

35
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates milk production

36
Q

What does prolactin do in men?

A

NOTHING

37
Q

Oxytocin - where does it come from?

A

Posterior pituitary

38
Q

What areas does oxytocin target?

A

uterus, female breasts

39
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates contractions during birth.

40
Q

What does oxytocin do in men?

A

NOTHING

41
Q

Testosterone - where does it come from?

A

Adrenal glands in females and ovaries in females

42
Q

What area does testosterone target?

A

Sexual organs (male) and male body form

43
Q

What does testosterone do in females?

A

Small quantities of it cause hair growth in pubic/axilla

44
Q

What does testosterone do in males?

A

Induces development of male sex organs in fetus, induces growth of sperm cells, secondary sex characteristics, etc.

45
Q

The first outward sign of male puberty is growth of the ____.

A

Testes

46
Q

Testosterone causes boys to undergo a rapid growth spurt, especially in height. T/F?

A

True

47
Q

How come boys are typically taller than girls?

A

Although girls start growing earlier, it stops sooner. Boys take longer but have more hormones doing the growing and such.

48
Q

What is the climacteric period?

A

It’s a transition period, which starts as female fertility declines and extends through menopause.

49
Q

Menopause = the first menstrual period. T/F?

A

FALSE - it is the FINAL period

50
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The structures enclosed by the labia minora.

51
Q

What is the clit?

A

The thing on top. It’s like a lady penis.

52
Q

What are the three divisions of the uterus?

A

Corpus (the body), the isthmus (the narrower transition zone, between the corpus and the cervix), and the cervix, which is the tubular “neck” of the lwoer uterus.

53
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium (outer layer that cover the uterus), myometrium (the middle, muscular layer - contains three layers itself - longitudinal fibers, interlacing figure 8 fibers, and circular fibers), and the endometrium, the inner layer.

54
Q

What do the fallopian tubes do?

A

Are a path for the ovum between the ovary and the uterus.

55
Q

What do cilia do?

A

they rhythmitically beat and move the ovum

56
Q

What are the four divisions of the fallopian tubes?

A

Interstitial portion, the isthmus (adjacent to the uterus), the wider ampulla, and the infundibulum.

57
Q

The fallopian tubes are directly connected to the ovary. T/F?

A

FALSE

58
Q

The ovaries are the female sex glands. T/F?

A

True

59
Q

About how long is the reproductive cycle?

A

28 days!

60
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

In response to GnRH, FSH and LH are secreted. It prepares the endometrium for implantation.

61
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular, ovulatory, and luteal.

62
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

This is when the ovum matures. It begins with the first day of menstruation and ends about 14 days later in a 28 day cycle.

63
Q

During the follicular phase, The fall in estrogen and progesterone just before mensturation stimulate FSH and LH - as these levels rise, 6-12 graafian follicles (sacs within the ovary, each containing an immature ovum), begin to grow. T/F?

A

True

64
Q

What happens during the ovulatory phase?

A

near the middle of the 28 day cycle, LH secretion rises markedly, so does FSH.Stimulates final maturation of a single follicle and release of its ovum.

65
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

the remaining cells of the old follicle persist for about 12 days as corpus luteum - they secrete estrogen and large amount of progesterone to prepare the endometrium for a fertilized ovum. If no fertilization occurs, the CL regresses and levels return to normal. At the end of this, the loss of estrogen and progesterone signals the end of the cycle and bam, the body makes for FSH and LH, starting a new cycle.

66
Q

What happens in the endometrial cycle?

A

The uterine endometrium responds to ovarian hormone stimulation.

67
Q

What are the three phases of the endometrial cycle?

A

Proliferative, secretory, menstrual

68
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Occurs as the ovum matures and is released - The lining gets bigger!

69
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

Last half of ovarian cycle - endometrium continues to thicken.

70
Q

Menstrual phase - what happens?

A

Takes about 5 days. lady folk shed their thick lining because there is no bambino inside!

71
Q

Spinnbarkeit - refers to the elasticity of carvical mucosa. T/F?

A

T

72
Q

What are montgomery’s tubercules in the breast?

A

sebaceous glands

OB - Spring 2016 (18 decks)

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