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Microbiology Exam 1 > Chapter 4 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What 4 things are required to be considered a cell?

A

Cell membrane, genetic info, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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2
Q

Domains of Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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3
Q

Domains of Eukaryotes

A

Eukarya

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4
Q

Kingdoms of Prokaryotes

A

Monera

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5
Q

Kingdoms of Eukaryotes

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

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6
Q

Do proks have membrane bound organelles?

A

No

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7
Q

Do euks have membrane bound organelles?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Do proks have a nucleus?

A

No

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9
Q

Do euks have a nucleus?

A

Yes

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10
Q

How many cells are in a prok?

A

One (unicellular)

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11
Q

How many cells are in a euk?

A

One or more

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do proks have?

A

One

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do euks have?

A

More than one

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14
Q

Do proks have a cell wall?

A

Yes (most)

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15
Q

Do euks have a cell wall?

A

No (Many do - plantae)

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16
Q

Do proks have plasma/cell membrane?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Do euks have plasma/cell membrane?

A

Yes

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18
Q

How do proks divide?

A

Asexual (binary fission)

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19
Q

How do euks divide?

A

Asexual - mitosis

Sexual - meiosis

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20
Q

Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than viral units?

A

Larger

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21
Q

Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than eukaryotic cells?

A

Smaller

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22
Q

What is morphology?

A

Shape of cells (you)

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23
Q

What are little round circles called?

A

Coccus - cocci

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24
Q

What are pill shaped organisms called?

A

Bacillus - bacilli

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25
Q

What is a fat, little roundish rod called in morphology?

A

Coccobacillus

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26
Q

What is a worm-shaped organism called in morphology?

A

Spirillum - spirilli

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27
Q

What is a rare shape in morphology?

A

Star shape or square

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28
Q

If a prokaryote has a cell wall, what is it called?

A

Monomorphic

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29
Q

What does monomorphic mean?

A

One shape

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30
Q

What is a pleomorphic cell?

A

A cell with no cell wall that can take more than one shape, a shapeshifter cell

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31
Q

What does the arrangement of cells communicate?

A

How cells hang out with each other

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32
Q

What are the four ways that cells can be arranged?

A

Single, diploid, tetrad (four), sarcina (eight, usually 2 tetrads)

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33
Q

How is Staphyloccocus arranged?

A

In grapelike clusters

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34
Q

How is Steptoccocus arranged?

A

In chains of coccus

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35
Q

How is Bacillus subtilis arranged?

A

In branch-like worms

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36
Q

How is E. coli arranged?

A

Single or diploid

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37
Q

In a prok, which structures are outside of the cell wall?

A
  1. Glycocalyx
  2. Flagella/ flagellum
  3. Axial filaments
  4. Fimbriae and Pili
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38
Q

What is viscous, made in the cell, and secreted out?

A

Glycocalyx

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39
Q

What are the three kinds of glycocalyx?

A

Capsule, Slime layer, and Extracellular polysaccharide(EPS)

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of a capsule?

A

Organized in structure and firmly attached to the cell wall

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41
Q

What are the characteristics of slime mold?

A

Unorganized, not firmly attached to the cell wall

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42
Q

What is the function of an EPS?

A

Enables organism to stick to non-living surfaces

43
Q

What is an example of an extracellular polysaccharide?

A

Streptococcus mutans - the cavity one

44
Q

What are flagella made of?

A

Protein

45
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Locomotion, identification of organism

46
Q

What does -taxis mean?

A

movement

47
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement towards or away from a chemical

48
Q

Which flagellum is singular and at the end of the cell?

A

Monotrichous

49
Q

Which type of flagella has one at either end of the cell?

A

Amphitrichous

50
Q

What is lophotrichous?

A

More than one flagella at one end

51
Q

Flagella all around the cell

A

Peritrichous

52
Q

No flagellum

A

Atrichous

53
Q

What is another name for axial filaments

A

Endoflagella

54
Q

Describe the structure and function of endoflagella

A

Start in cell wall, penetrate cell wall, and wrap around to give cell rotational motility

55
Q

How do endoflagella move when they are present?

A

They spiral

56
Q

On what organism are endoflagella found?

A

Spirochetes

57
Q

What are the characteristics of fimbriae?

A
  • short
  • hundreds per cell
  • attachment to colonize
58
Q

What are the characteristics of pili?

A
  • long
  • 1-2 per cell
  • attach to conjugation
  • exchange genetic information
59
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Structure and protection

60
Q

What is the cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

61
Q

What is another name for peptidoglycan?

A

Murein

62
Q

If an organism has many layers of murein and techoic acids, what is it?

A

Gram positive

63
Q

What is the function of techoic acids?

A

Regulate movement of substances in and out of the cell

64
Q

If an organism has a thin layer of murein and no techoic acids, what is it?

A

Gram negative

65
Q

Do G+ or G- have an outer membrane?

A

G-

66
Q

What is the G- outer membrane made of?

A

lipoproteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

67
Q

Which part of the LPS helps us identify certain organisms?

A

Polysaccharide portion

68
Q

Which part of the LPS is an endotoxin?

A

Lipid portion (Lipid A)

69
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane?

A

Protect organism, contain endotoxin (harmful to us, helpful to organism)

70
Q

Which genus of bacteria has no cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

71
Q

What is the smallest bacterial organism alive on Earth?

A

Mycoplasma

72
Q

Which domain has no cell wall or has cell wall without peptidoglycan?

A

Archaea

73
Q

What happens if a cell wall is destroyed?

A

It kills the organism (antibiotics target cell walls)

74
Q

What is the name of a G+ viable cell whose cell wall is not functional?

A

Protoplast

75
Q

What is the name of a G- viable cell whose cell wall is not functional?

A

Spheroplast

76
Q

What three structures are found inside the cell wall?

A

Plasma/cell membrane, cytoplasm, and endospores

77
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that is semi-permeable?

A

Cell membrane

78
Q

What are the two main forms of transport across the cell membrane?

A

Passive and active

79
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Solutes moving from high to low concentration of solute without the use of energy

80
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of solute from high to low with the use of protein carrier

81
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water moving from low to high concentration of solute

82
Q

What measures the concentration of solute in relation to surrounding areas?

A

Tonicity

83
Q

Isotonic

A

Balanced solute

84
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute

85
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solute

86
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of solute from low to high concentration of solute with the use of energy

87
Q

What is contained within cytoplasm?

A

Nucleoid area/genome, ribosomes, plasmids, inclusions

88
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis, classify organisms into domains

89
Q

What is a Svedberg unit?

A

Measure rate of sedimentation

90
Q

How many Svedberg units (S) do proks have?

A

70 S

91
Q

How many S do euks have?

A

80 S

92
Q

What is an extrachromosomal circular piece of DNA separate from the 1 chromosome in a prok?

A

Plasmid

93
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Increase survival chances in abnormal environment

94
Q

What is the name of the storage areas for certain nutrients?

A

Inclusions

95
Q

What do inclusions look like and what does their presence help determine?

A

Granules, identity of organism

96
Q

Do all cells have plasmids and inclusions?

A

NO

97
Q

Which bacteria causes diptheria and has metachromatic inclusions?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

98
Q

Non-living, resilient, produced in negative environment

A

Endospores

99
Q

What is the process by which vegetative cells produce endospores?

A

Sporulation/sporogenesis

100
Q

Is sporulation a method of reproduction?

A

No

101
Q

What is germination?

A

The process by which a spore becomes a vegetative cell when the environment becomes positive

102
Q

Which two genuses have spores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

103
Q

Is the location of spores in cells significant?

A

Yes

104
Q

What is the Schaffer Fulton Method?

A

The Christmas Stain, used to color cells red and spores green

Microbiology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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