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Microbiology Exam 1 > Chapter 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

What are the three forms of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, and gas

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3
Q

What is matter made up of?

A

Chemical elements

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4
Q

Six elements make up what percentage of the human body?

A

98.6%

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5
Q

What are the 6 main elements in the human body?

A 
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Calcium
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6
Q

What is the smallest living unit?

A

Cell

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7
Q

A cell is made up of how many elements?

A

1+

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8
Q

What are the three subatomic particles?

A

Proton +, Neutron, Electron -

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9
Q

What is the valence and why is it important?

A

The outer orbit/shell; it gives it its reactive capability and determines with what it will bond and in what way

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10
Q

What is equal to the number of protons in a cell?

A

The number of electrons (when element is in neutral state)

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11
Q

What calculates the number of protons in an atom?

A

Atomic number

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12
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The combined mass of the protons and neutrons

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13
Q

What is an atom with the same number of protons and different number of neutrons called?

A

An isotope

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14
Q

Would isotopes have the same or different reactive capability and why?

A

Same because the number of electrons is unchanged

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15
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has a charge

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16
Q

If an atom looses an electron it has what kind of charge?

A

positive

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17
Q

If an atom gains electrons, the charge becomes more?

A

Negative

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18
Q

What are the two functions of chemical bonds?

A

To store energy and hold things together

19
Q

What are the three kinds of chemical bond?

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

20
Q

Which chemical bond is the weakest?

A

hydrogen

21
Q

Which chemical bond is the strongest?

A

Covalent

22
Q

In which kind of covalent bond are electrons shared unequally?

A

Polar

23
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Dissolving medium (ex. water)

24
Q

What is a solute?

A

Dissolving substance (ex. salt, sugar)

25
Q

What forms a solution?

A

A solvent and a solute

26
Q

What is oil and water an example of?

A

Suspension

27
Q

What kind of reaction makes a small/simple thing larger/more complex?

A

Synthesis

28
Q

What is another name for a synthesis reaction?

A

Anabolic

29
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

A reaction that moves things from large/complex to small/simple; decompositon

30
Q

What causes atoms to lose valence electrons?

A

Oxidation

31
Q

In oxidation, is energy increased or decreased?

A

Decreased

32
Q

In what kind of reaction are electrons (and energy) gained?

A

Reduction

33
Q

Measure of the potential of hydrogen/ amount of H+ that are unatached

A

pH scale

34
Q

As free H+ ions increase, pH does what?

A

Decreases (moves towards acid)

35
Q

As free H+ ions decrease, pH does what?

A

Increases (moves towards basic)

36
Q

One unit difference in pH (e.g. 3 to 4) is how significant of an increase?

A

10x

37
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.4

38
Q

What happens if blood pH changes?

A

7 - coma, 7.8 - tetany; deadly

39
Q

What is a proton donor?

A

Acids (H+)

40
Q

What is a proton acceptor?

A

Bases (OH-)

41
Q

Attempt to maintain pH homeostasis

A

Buffer

42
Q

What do buffers control?

A

The number of available H+ ions

43
Q

What are the primary differences between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic: carbon-based, complex, combine in many ways, perform biological functions
Inorganic: simple, few atoms, can’t perform complex biological functions

44
Q

What are the 4 classifications of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

Microbiology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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