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Microbiology Exam 1 > Chapter 3 - Staining and Microscopy > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Staining and Microscopy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are slides heat fixed?

A

To kill the microorganisms and adhere them to slide while preserving the microbe in its natural state

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2
Q

Why do we stain slides?

A

To make organisms more visible and identifiable

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3
Q

What are stains?

A

Salt - either basic (+) or acidic (-)

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4
Q

What kind of stain is used most of the time and why?

A

Basic, positive ions are attracted to the negative bacteria cells, the bond is stronger

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5
Q

Which 4 basic stains will we use?

A

Methylene blue, malachite green, safranin, crystal violet

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6
Q

What are 3 acidic stains?

A

Eosin (Red), India ink (purple), nigrosin (brown)

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7
Q

Which kind of stain requires no heat fix?

A

Acidic stain

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8
Q

What part of the slide does negative stain color?

A

The background

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9
Q

What is the purpose of negative staining?

A

To study overall morphology and size of the organism, to observe the presence/absence of capsules

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10
Q

Where in a cell is the capsule found?

A

Outside the cell wall

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11
Q

What is an aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye color specimen?

A

Simple stain

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a simple stain?

A

To help see the microorganism, see shape and structure, does not help I.D.

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13
Q

What is a differential stain?

A

A stain that utilizes more than one dye of contrasting colors

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14
Q

Which stain helps distinguish different kinds of bacteria and identify bacteria?

A

Differential

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15
Q

Who developed the Gram stain?

A

Hans Christian Gram

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16
Q

What is G+?

A

A cell with a cell wall with 40+ layers of peptidoglycan

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17
Q

A cell whose cell wall is one thin layer of peptidoglycan is what kind of cell?

A

G-

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18
Q

What happens if too much decolorizer is used on a Gram stain?

A

A G+ can read as a G-

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19
Q

When might a G- look like a G+?

A

If too little decolorizer is used

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20
Q

What kind of stain is a Gram stain?

A

Differential

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21
Q

Which kind of differential stain binds strongly to bacteria with waxy material in their cells?

A

Acid Fast

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22
Q

What does an acid fast stain test for?

A

The presence of a lipid coat outside the cell wall

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23
Q

What color does a lipid coat show up as on an acid fast stain?

A

Red

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24
Q

If a bacteria is not acid fast, what color will it appear?

A

Blue

25
Q

What is the purpose of a special stain?

A

To color and isolate specific parts of a microorganisms such as endospores or flagella

26
Q

What are the three kinds of special stain?

A

Negative, Endospore, and Flagella

27
Q

Which special stain demonstrates the presence of capsules to determine the virulence of a cell?

A

Negative stain

28
Q

How does a negative stain work?

A

It uses a color background and an acidic dye

29
Q

Under adverse conditions, what can happen to some cells?

A

They can transform into endospores

30
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Dormant cell, more resilient, can revert back to cell in ideal conditions

31
Q

What is the purpose of an endospore stain?

A

To stain the endospore wall and detect it

32
Q

What is the purpose of a flagella stain?

A

to make the flagella visible because the number and location can help diagnose

33
Q

What kind of substance is iodine?

A

A mordant

34
Q

What is a mordant?

A

A substance used to increase the affinity of stain for biological specimen, coats the structure and makes it easier to see

35
Q

What is the term for the ability of a lens to distinguish fine details and structures?

A

Resolution

36
Q

Which 4 lenses do our microscopes use?

A

4x - scan
10x - low
40x - high
100x - oil immersion

37
Q

What kind of microscope uses visible light to observe specimen?

A

Light scopes

38
Q

What is a dissecting scope?

A

A scope with no light source under the stage, uses short wavelength (better resolution, less magnification), entire specimen

39
Q

In what kind of microscopy is the background dark and the specimen light?

A

Darkfield

40
Q

Which kind of microscopy can examine live organisms?

A

Darkfield

41
Q

What is Brightfield Microscopy?

A

Microscopes where the background is light and the specimen is colored

42
Q

Why are darkfield samples left unstained?

A

It distorts them

43
Q

Which kind of microscopy gives a detailed examination of living organisms internal organs?

A

Phase contrast

44
Q

What kind of microscopy uses fluorescence to study organisms?

A

Fluorescence

45
Q

What does fluorescent microscopy use to color the specimen?

A

Fluorochromes

46
Q

What kind of fluorescent microscopy assembles 3D images?

A

Confocal microscopy

47
Q

How does confocal microscopy work?

A

fluorchromes are used, then laser, then computer assembles the images

48
Q

What kind of microscope uses a beam of electrons and electromagnetic lenses instead of light and glass lenses?

A

Electron microscope

49
Q

What are electron microscopes used for?

A

viewing viruses

50
Q

Which kind of electron microscope makes internal organs visible and is not 3D?

A

TEM - transmission microscope

51
Q

What is a Scanning electron microscope?

A

The electron beam scans the surface of the cell, 3D image, sample doesn’t need to be thin, shows external structure only

52
Q

In what way do fluorescent microscopes absorb wavelengths of light and reflect them back?

A

From a short to a long wavelength

53
Q

What is a disadvantage of the electron microscope?

A

It cannot be used on live organisms

54
Q

What are the three overall staining techniques?

A

Simple
Negative
Special

55
Q

What stain determine if an organism has a lipid coat?

A

Acid fast

56
Q

Fluorescent Antigen-Antibody Technique

A

Animal injected with antigen, produces antibodies, antibodies removed and combined with flurochrome, fluorescent antibodies added to slide with unknown bacteria, if unknown fluoresces, it is the same bacteria injected into the animal

57
Q

What is immunofluorescence?

A

Fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique

58
Q

What two diagnoses is immunofluorescene especially helpful for?

A

Syphilis and rabies

Microbiology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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