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Microbiology Exam 1 > Chapter 1 - Overview > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenic

A

Disease-producing

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2
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Everywhere

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3
Q

Who created a system of describing organisms?

A

Linnaeus

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4
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A system of describing and naming organisms

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5
Q

What does every living organism have?

A

Genus and species

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6
Q

What are the primary differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

A

Prokaryotes: single-cell, no nucleus
Eukaryotes: multicelled, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus

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7
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms from least to most complex?

A
  1. Monera ⭕️
  2. Protista 🔅
  3. Fungi
  4. Plantae 🌱
  5. Animalia 🙈
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8
Q

Do viruses have a domain?

A

No, they are do not have ribosomes

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9
Q

What are the general characteristics of viruses?

A
  • made of nucleic acid and a capsid
  • obligatory intracellular parasites
  • acellular
  • can only reproduce with host cell
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10
Q

Which kingdom is entirely unicellular?

A

Monera

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11
Q

What are the 2 domains of monera?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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12
Q

What are the 3 domains of Protista?

A

Slime mold, Protozoa, algae

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13
Q

Cell theory; “Little boxes”

A

Hooke

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14
Q

Redi

A

Disprove spontaneous generation; used maggots and meat

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15
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

1st observation of live microorganisms; first microscope

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16
Q

Concept later called Biogenesis

A

Virchow

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17
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis?

A

Live cells can only come from other live cells

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18
Q

Disproved spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur

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19
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

Pasteur

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20
Q

Pasteurization and fermentation

A

Pasteur

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21
Q

Lister

A

Applied germ theory to medical procedure; phenol

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22
Q

Established steps to link specific microbes and diseases

A

Koch

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23
Q

First vaccination

A

Jenner

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24
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Something that triggers an immune response

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25
Q

Chemotherapy and Salvarsan

26
Q

Penicilin

27
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things composed of cell; Hooke

28
Q

Belief (until 19th century) that some forms of life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous generation

29
Q

What techniques decrease contamination?

A

Aseptic techniques

30
Q

What is the process of converting sugar to alcohol in the absence of oxygen called?

A

Fermentation

31
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Heating something just enough to kill the bacteria

32
Q

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

The theory that microorganisms might cause disease

33
Q

What is the name of the sequences of experimental steps that relate microbes to diseases?

A

Koch’s Postulates

34
Q

What is immunity?

A

Protection from disease provided by vaccinnation

35
Q

Who is credited with the idea of immunity?

36
Q

What is the treatment of disease using chemical substances called?

A

Chemotherapy

37
Q

What is the difference between synthetic drugs and antibiotics?

A 
Synthetic = made in a lab (amoxicillin)
Antibiotic = made by a living organism (penicillin)
38
Q

Study of immunity

A

Immunology

39
Q

Study of viruses

40
Q

Study of fungi

41
Q

Study of parasitic worms and protozoa

A

Parasitology

42
Q

Study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

43
Q

Genomics

A

Study of organisms genes

44
Q

Microbial genetics

A

How microorganisms inherit traits

45
Q

What is the study of how genetic information is carried on DNA and how DNA directs protein synthesis called?

A

Molecular Biology

46
Q

What is the name of the naturally occurring reshuffling of genetic information?

A

Recombinant DNA/DNA recombination

47
Q

What is the name of the reshuffling of genetic information performed purposefully by scientists?

A

Biotechnology/Genetic engineering

48
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells

49
Q

Microbial ecology

A

The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

50
Q

Two scientists associated with microbial ecology

A

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

51
Q

What is it called when microbes clean and break down toxins and pollutants?

A

Bioremediation

52
Q

Normal microbiota/normal flora

A

Healthy microbes and microorganisms in our bodies, good as long as not pathogenic

53
Q

Ability to ward off diseases

A

resistance

54
Q

What is a pathogen that invades a susceptible host and carries out part or all of its life cycle called?

A

Infectious disease

55
Q

Three steps in the energy chain

A

Producers, consumers, decomposers

56
Q

Producers

A

Undergo photosynthesis

57
Q

Consumers

A

Make energy from producers

58
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down organic matter and recycle it

59
Q

What are EID?

A

Emerging infectious diseases - any new or changing disease

60
Q

Why are EIDs on the rise?

A

Resistance to medication and high population and populational mobility

61
Q

What are the group names of Fungi?

A

Yeast, mushroom, mold

Microbiology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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