Chapter 4 - Organic Chemistry and Chemical Group Check

Question 1

Ethers
- Chemical Structure,
- How they are made
- Their Properties
- How to convert back to Acid

Answer 1

Chemical Structure = R - O - R
They are made through the process of dehydration
properties - they are very resistant to hydrolysis and they are fairly unreactive
- converting back to acid through dilute H2SO4 and heating underpressure

Question 2

Epoxides
- Chemical Structure
- 2 process of production
- Reactive to

Answer 2

Chemical Structure =
O
R CH - CH2

made through
1. the reaction of ethene and oxygen under high pressure and temperature or
2. through chlorohydrin process, alkene + Cl + NaOH to become chloro propan2ol then add another NaOH to remove Sodium Chloride and water and to produce epoxide

Epoxide reaction
- Epoxide with water and hydrochloric acid - becomes ethylene glycol
- Hydrogen compound (readily open epoxide ring)
- Alcohol - to become alcohol ether
- Ammonia - to become alcohol amine
- Acetic Acid - to become alcohol ester

Question 3

Aldehydes and ketone
- Chemical Structure
- Made up of
- Function of them both

Answer 3

Chemical Structure of
R - (Carbonyl group ) - R’

this if both R is alkyl / aryl it is ketone
if one of them is hydrogen it is aldehyde
if both of them are hydrogen it is formaldehyde

Function
- aldehyde - formaldehyde give rise to new resin made up from oxidation of primary alcohols
- Ketone - Paint solvents (made from oxidation of secondary alcohol)

Question 4

Carbonyl reactions

Answer 4

they are ready to accept hydrogen from other compounds such as
- aldehyde molecules
- alcohol
- an inorganic compound
- amine

Question 5

Amine Group
- Chemical Structure
- Made up of
- Property
- Reactions

Answer 5

Chemical Structure - NH(3/2/1) - R
Made up of - Ammonia and alkyl halide
Property - the more alkyl attached to nitrogen, the stronger the base
Reactions-
– Epoxides
– Ketones - eliminate water to become ketoxime
– Ester - to become amide

Question 6

Amide Group
- Chemical Structure
- Made up of
- Property
- Reactions

Answer 6

Chemical Structure - NH-C=O

Made up of - reactions between ammonia and acid, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides or esters

Property - resistant to hydrolysis

Reactions to convert back to ammonia and carboxylic acid - boiling with ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid

Question 7

Carbamide / Urea
- Chemical Structure
- Made up of
- Property
- use of carbamide

Answer 7

Chemical Structure - NH - (C=O) - NH
Made up of
– Carbonyl Chloride + ammonia
– Carbon Dioxide + Ammonia
– the basic ingredient of urea formaldehyde resin

Question 8

Arenes or aromatic compound

Question 9

Well Known Isocyanates

Answer 9

MDI - Methylene Diphenyl diisocyanate - Double benzene ring
HDI - NCO - R - NCO - isocyanate at both ends
TDI - double isocyanate

Question 10

How do Isocyanates reactions

Answer 10

1. They react with compounds containing active hydrogen to open up Nitrogen
2. Reactions with amine - to become urea
3. Reactions with Alcohol - crosslinked
4. Reactions with Water - becomes carbamic acid NH2 - (C=O) - OH this decompose to Carbon dioxide and amine