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Fall BIO > Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acids and information Flow > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acids and information Flow Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

The principal molecule of biological heredity. A polymer of nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

A component of nucleic acid, consisiting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one of more phospate group

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3
Q

Sugar

A

The simplest carbohydrate molecule; also called a saccharide

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4
Q

base

A

A nitrogen-containg compound that make up part of a nucleotide.
A, T, C, G, and U

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5
Q

The 5 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

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6
Q

phosphorous groups

A

A chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

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7
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A 5 carbon sugar that lacks an oxygen atom on carbon 2

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8
Q

Purines

A

Bases Adenine and guanine which have a double ring sturcture

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9
Q

pyrimidines

A

Bases Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil which a have a single-ring structure

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10
Q

nucleoside

A

A molecule consiting of a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous-base

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11
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

a bond that forms when a phosphate group in one nucleotide is covalently joined to the sugar unit in another nucleotide, forming the backbone of DNA

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12
Q

Polarity

A

An asymmetry that makes one end of a sturcture differ from another

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13
Q

5’

A

The end of a nucleic acid strand containing a free 5’ phosphate group

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14
Q

3’

A

The end of a nucleic acid strand that carries a free 3’ hydroxyl

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15
Q

Major groove

A

The larger of two uneven grooves on the outside of a DNA duplex

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16
Q

Minor groove

A

The smaller of two unequal grooves on the outside of a DNA duplex

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17
Q

Antiparallel

A

Oriented in opposite direction; the strands in a DNA duplex are antiparallel

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18
Q

complementary

A

Describes the relationship of purines and pyrmidine bases in which A pairs with T or U and G pairs with C

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19
Q

Base stacking

A

Stabilizing hydrophobic interactions between bases in the same strand of DNA

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20
Q

replication

A

The procces of copying DNA so genetic information can be passed from cell to cell or from organism to progeny

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21
Q

mutation

A

Any heritable change in the genetic material; mutations result from an erroe in replication or a mutagen, such as radiation

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22
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

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23
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypetide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of meesenger RNA

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24
Q

gene expression

A

The production of a funtional gene product, such as a protein

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25
Ribosome
A complex structrure of RNA and protein that sythesizes proteins from amino acids as directed by the sequence of mRNA
26
ribose
The five carbon sugar in RNA
27
RNA world hypothesis
The hypothesis that the earliest organism relied on RNA for both catalysis and information storage
28
RNA transcript
The rNA sequence synthesized from a DNA template
29
RNA polymerase
The enzyme that carries out polymerization of ribonucleoside triphophates from a DNA template strand to produces an RNA transcript.
30
non-template strand
The strand of DNA that is not used as a template for RNA synthessis duting transcription, also called the coding or sense strand. Matches the RNA sequence
31
Initiation in DNA replication
The proccess of DNA replication in which DNA polymerase and othe proteins are recuted to Double stranded DNA, the strands are separated and replication begins
32
initiation in transcription
the process by which RNA polymerase and other proteins a re recruited to double DNA, the DNA strands are separated and transcrption of the templete strand begins.
33
initiation in translation
the process by which the start codon is recognized and methionine is establised as the first amino acid in a new polypeptide chain
34
elongation in DNA replication
the process by which successive nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing DNA strand by DNA polymerase.
35
Elongation in transcription
The process by which sucessive nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing RNA transcript as the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand.
36
Elongation in translation
the process by which sucessive amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.
37
Termination in DNA replication
the process by which DNA polymerase stops replicating and is released
38
Termination in Transcription
the process by which RNA polymerase stops transcribing and the transcript is released, which occurs when RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the DNA template strand called a terminator
39
Termination in Translation
the process by which the addition of amino acids stops and the completed polypeptide is released from the ribosome, which occurs when the ribosome enciunters a stop codon
40
promoters
A regulatory region where RNA polymerase and associated proteins bind to the DNA duplex in the process of transcription
41
TATA box
A DNA sequence present in many promoter in eukaryotes and archea that serves as a protein-binding site for a key general transcription factor.
42
Terminator
A DNA sequence at which transcription stops and the transcription is released
43
Sigma factor
In bacteria, a protein that associater with RNA polymerase that facillitates its binding to specific promoters
44
General transcription Factors
A protein that binds to the promoter of a gene whose combined action is necessary for transcription.
45
Transcriptional activator protein
A protein that binds to a sequence in DNA to enable transcription to begin.
46
Enhancer
A specific DNA sequence located upstream, downstream, or within a gene that is necessary for transcription.
47
Mediator complex
A complex of proteins that interaction with the RNA polymerase (Pol II) complex and allows transcription to begin.
48
primary transcript
The initial RNA transcript that is synthesized as a complement to the template DNA strand
49
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The RNA molecule that combines with a ribosome to direct protein synthesis, it carries the genetic message form DNA to the ribosome
50
polycistronic mRNA
In prokaryotes, A single molecule of mRNA that codes multiple protiens
51
RNA processing
the process by which complex chemical modifications convert the primary transcript to the finishe mRNA.
52
5' cap
the modification of the 5' end of the primary transcript by the addition of a special nuecleotide (7-methylguanosine) attached to the mRNA by an unusual 5'-5' triphosphate linkage
53
polyadenylation
The addition of a long string of consecutive A-bearing ribonucleotides to the 3' end of the primary transcript
54
poly(A) tail
The nucleotides added to the 3' end of the primary transcript by polyadenylation
55
Exons
A sequnece that is left intact in mrNA after RNA splicing and therefore expressed in the protein
56
introns
An intervening sequence that is removed from the primary transcript during RNA splicing
57
RNA splicing
The process in which exons are joined and introns are removed from the primary transcript
58
Alternative splicing
A process in which primary transcript from the same gene are spliced in different ways to yeild different mRNAs and therefore different protein products
59
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Noncoding RNA found in all ribosomes that aid in translation
60
Nucleolus
A distinct, dense, non-membrane-bound structure within the nucleus the contains the genes and transcripts for ribosomal RNA
61
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
noncoding RNA that carries individual amino acids for use in translation
62
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
Noncoding RNA found in eukaryotes and involved in spliicing, polyadenylation, and other processes in the nucleus
63
MicroRNA (miRNA)
Small, regulatory RNA molecules that can cleave or destabilize RNA or inhibit its translation
64
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
A small type of small double-stranded regulatory RNA that becomes part of a complex able to cleave and destroy single-stranded RNA with a complementary sequence.

Fall BIO (6 decks)

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