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Fall BIO > Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acids and information Flow > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Nucleic Acids and information Flow Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

The principal molecule of biological heredity. A polymer of nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

A component of nucleic acid, consisiting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one of more phospate group

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3
Q

Sugar

A

The simplest carbohydrate molecule; also called a saccharide

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4
Q

base

A

A nitrogen-containg compound that make up part of a nucleotide.
A, T, C, G, and U

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5
Q

The 5 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

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6
Q

phosphorous groups

A

A chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

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7
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A 5 carbon sugar that lacks an oxygen atom on carbon 2

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8
Q

Purines

A

Bases Adenine and guanine which have a double ring sturcture

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9
Q

pyrimidines

A

Bases Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil which a have a single-ring structure

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10
Q

nucleoside

A

A molecule consiting of a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous-base

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11
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

a bond that forms when a phosphate group in one nucleotide is covalently joined to the sugar unit in another nucleotide, forming the backbone of DNA

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12
Q

Polarity

A

An asymmetry that makes one end of a sturcture differ from another

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13
Q

5’

A

The end of a nucleic acid strand containing a free 5’ phosphate group

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14
Q

3’

A

The end of a nucleic acid strand that carries a free 3’ hydroxyl

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15
Q

Major groove

A

The larger of two uneven grooves on the outside of a DNA duplex

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16
Q

Minor groove

A

The smaller of two unequal grooves on the outside of a DNA duplex

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17
Q

Antiparallel

A

Oriented in opposite direction; the strands in a DNA duplex are antiparallel

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18
Q

complementary

A

Describes the relationship of purines and pyrmidine bases in which A pairs with T or U and G pairs with C

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19
Q

Base stacking

A

Stabilizing hydrophobic interactions between bases in the same strand of DNA

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20
Q

replication

A

The procces of copying DNA so genetic information can be passed from cell to cell or from organism to progeny

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21
Q

mutation

A

Any heritable change in the genetic material; mutations result from an erroe in replication or a mutagen, such as radiation

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22
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

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23
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypetide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of meesenger RNA

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24
Q

gene expression

A

The production of a funtional gene product, such as a protein

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25
Q

Ribosome

A

A complex structrure of RNA and protein that sythesizes proteins from amino acids as directed by the sequence of mRNA

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26
Q

ribose

A

The five carbon sugar in RNA

27
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the earliest organism relied on RNA for both catalysis and information storage

28
Q

RNA transcript

A

The rNA sequence synthesized from a DNA template

29
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that carries out polymerization of ribonucleoside triphophates from a DNA template strand to produces an RNA transcript.

30
Q

non-template strand

A

The strand of DNA that is not used as a template for RNA synthessis duting transcription, also called the coding or sense strand. Matches the RNA sequence

31
Q

Initiation in DNA replication

A

The proccess of DNA replication in which DNA polymerase and othe proteins are recuted to Double stranded DNA, the strands are separated and replication begins

32
Q

initiation in transcription

A

the process by which RNA polymerase and other proteins a re recruited to double DNA, the DNA strands are separated and transcrption of the templete strand begins.

33
Q

initiation in translation

A

the process by which the start codon is recognized and methionine is establised as the first amino acid in a new polypeptide chain

34
Q

elongation in DNA replication

A

the process by which successive nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing DNA strand by DNA polymerase.

35
Q

Elongation in transcription

A

The process by which sucessive nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA transcript as the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand.

36
Q

Elongation in translation

A

the process by which sucessive amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.

37
Q

Termination in DNA replication

A

the process by which DNA polymerase stops replicating and is released

38
Q

Termination in Transcription

A

the process by which RNA polymerase stops transcribing and the transcript is released, which occurs when RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the DNA template strand called a terminator

39
Q

Termination in Translation

A

the process by which the addition of amino acids stops and the completed polypeptide is released from the ribosome, which occurs when the ribosome enciunters a stop codon

40
Q

promoters

A

A regulatory region where RNA polymerase and associated proteins bind to the DNA duplex in the process of transcription

41
Q

TATA box

A

A DNA sequence present in many promoter in eukaryotes and archea that serves as a protein-binding site for a key general transcription factor.

42
Q

Terminator

A

A DNA sequence at which transcription stops and the transcription is released

43
Q

Sigma factor

A

In bacteria, a protein that associater with RNA polymerase that facillitates its binding to specific promoters

44
Q

General transcription Factors

A

A protein that binds to the promoter of a gene whose combined action is necessary for transcription.

45
Q

Transcriptional activator protein

A

A protein that binds to a sequence in DNA to enable transcription to begin.

46
Q

Enhancer

A

A specific DNA sequence located upstream, downstream, or within a gene that is necessary for transcription.

47
Q

Mediator complex

A

A complex of proteins that interaction with the RNA polymerase (Pol II) complex and allows transcription to begin.

48
Q

primary transcript

A

The initial RNA transcript that is synthesized as a complement to the template DNA strand

49
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

The RNA molecule that combines with a ribosome to direct protein synthesis, it carries the genetic message form DNA to the ribosome

50
Q

polycistronic mRNA

A

In prokaryotes, A single molecule of mRNA that codes multiple protiens

51
Q

RNA processing

A

the process by which complex chemical modifications convert the primary transcript to the finishe mRNA.

52
Q

5’ cap

A

the modification of the 5’ end of the primary transcript by the addition of a special nuecleotide (7-methylguanosine) attached to the mRNA by an unusual 5’-5’ triphosphate linkage

53
Q

polyadenylation

A

The addition of a long string of consecutive A-bearing ribonucleotides to the 3’ end of the primary transcript

54
Q

poly(A) tail

A

The nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the primary transcript by polyadenylation

55
Q

Exons

A

A sequnece that is left intact in mrNA after RNA splicing and therefore expressed in the protein

56
Q

introns

A

An intervening sequence that is removed from the primary transcript during RNA splicing

57
Q

RNA splicing

A

The process in which exons are joined and introns are removed from the primary transcript

58
Q

Alternative splicing

A

A process in which primary transcript from the same gene are spliced in different ways to yeild different mRNAs and therefore different protein products

59
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Noncoding RNA found in all ribosomes that aid in translation

60
Q

Nucleolus

A

A distinct, dense, non-membrane-bound structure within the nucleus the contains the genes and transcripts for ribosomal RNA

61
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

noncoding RNA that carries individual amino acids for use in translation

62
Q

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

Noncoding RNA found in eukaryotes and involved in spliicing, polyadenylation, and other processes in the nucleus

63
Q

MicroRNA (miRNA)

A

Small, regulatory RNA molecules that can cleave or destabilize RNA or inhibit its translation

64
Q

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

A

A small type of small double-stranded regulatory RNA that becomes part of a complex able to cleave and destroy single-stranded RNA with a complementary sequence.

Fall BIO (6 decks)

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