Chapter 12 - Genomes and Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

The genetic material of an organism, cell, nucleus, organelle, or virus

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2
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

A selective and highly sensitive method for making copies of a piece of DNA molecules to be replicated into as many copies as desired

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3
Q

Amplify

A

In PCR technology, to copy or replicate a segment of DNA many times

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4
Q

Short strech of nucleic acids in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the primer

A

Short strech of nucleic acids in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the primer sequence produced by chemical synthesis, which is typically 20-39 nucleotides long

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5
Q

denaturation

A

the unfolding of proteins by chemical treatment or high temperature. Or the sperperation of paired, complementary strands of nucleic acid

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6
Q

Anneling

A

The coming together of complementary strands of single-stranded nucleic acids by base pairng

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7
Q

Extension

A

The step in which the reation mixture is heated to the optimal temperature for DNA polymerase and the polymerase elongates each primer with the deoxynucleosides triphospates

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8
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

A technique that is used to seperate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and or charge, using an electric current passed through a jelly-like substance

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9
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Any one of a class of enzyme that recgonizes specific, short nucleotide sequences in double-stranded DNA and cleaves DNA at or near these sites

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10
Q

Restriction sites

A

A recognition sequence in DNA cutting that the restriction enzymes cleave

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11
Q

Renaturation

A

The base pairing of complementary single-stranded nucleic acids to form a duplex; the opposite of denaturation

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12
Q

Probe

A

A labeled DNA fragment that can be tracked in a procedure.

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13
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA molecule from two or more different sources combined in a single molecule

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14
Q

complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

A DNA molecule produced by reverse transcriptase from an RNA template

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15
Q

Vector

A

In recombinant DNA, a carrier of the donor fragment, ususally a plasmid

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16
Q

plasmid

A

In bacteria, a small circular molecule of DNA carrying a small number og genes that replicates independantly of the DNA in the bacterium’s circular chromosome

17
Q

chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and proteins that gives chromosomes their structure; chromatin fibers are either 30nm in diameter or, in a relaxed state, 10 nm.

18
Q

Nucleosome

A

A beadlike repeating unit of histone proteins wrapped with DNA making up the 10nm chromatin fiber

19
Q

10-nm fiber

A

a level of DNA packing in which DNA is wrapped around a set of eight histone proteins, forming a nucleosome fiber, named for its diameter

20
Q

30-nm fiber

A

the next leve of DNA packing in which the chromatin is more tightly coiled

21
Q

Scaffold

A

A supporting protein structure in a metaphase chromosome