Chapter 12 - Genomes and Biotechnology Flashcards
Genome
The genetic material of an organism, cell, nucleus, organelle, or virus
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A selective and highly sensitive method for making copies of a piece of DNA molecules to be replicated into as many copies as desired
Amplify
In PCR technology, to copy or replicate a segment of DNA many times
Short strech of nucleic acids in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the primer
Short strech of nucleic acids in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the primer sequence produced by chemical synthesis, which is typically 20-39 nucleotides long
denaturation
the unfolding of proteins by chemical treatment or high temperature. Or the sperperation of paired, complementary strands of nucleic acid
Anneling
The coming together of complementary strands of single-stranded nucleic acids by base pairng
Extension
The step in which the reation mixture is heated to the optimal temperature for DNA polymerase and the polymerase elongates each primer with the deoxynucleosides triphospates
gel electrophoresis
A technique that is used to seperate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and or charge, using an electric current passed through a jelly-like substance
Restriction enzymes
Any one of a class of enzyme that recgonizes specific, short nucleotide sequences in double-stranded DNA and cleaves DNA at or near these sites
Restriction sites
A recognition sequence in DNA cutting that the restriction enzymes cleave
Renaturation
The base pairing of complementary single-stranded nucleic acids to form a duplex; the opposite of denaturation
Probe
A labeled DNA fragment that can be tracked in a procedure.
recombinant DNA
DNA molecule from two or more different sources combined in a single molecule
complementary DNA (cDNA)
A DNA molecule produced by reverse transcriptase from an RNA template
Vector
In recombinant DNA, a carrier of the donor fragment, ususally a plasmid
plasmid
In bacteria, a small circular molecule of DNA carrying a small number og genes that replicates independantly of the DNA in the bacterium’s circular chromosome
chromatin
A complex of DNA and proteins that gives chromosomes their structure; chromatin fibers are either 30nm in diameter or, in a relaxed state, 10 nm.
Nucleosome
A beadlike repeating unit of histone proteins wrapped with DNA making up the 10nm chromatin fiber
10-nm fiber
a level of DNA packing in which DNA is wrapped around a set of eight histone proteins, forming a nucleosome fiber, named for its diameter
30-nm fiber
the next leve of DNA packing in which the chromatin is more tightly coiled
Scaffold
A supporting protein structure in a metaphase chromosome