Ch 20 Evolution

Question 1

Species

Answer 1

A group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Question 2

Gene pool

Answer 2

all the alleles present in all the individuals in a population or species

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

A group of the same species that live in a specific geographic area

Question 4

Somatic mutation

Answer 4

A mutation in a individuals body cell, does not get passed down

Question 5

Germ-line mutation

Answer 5

A mutation that happens in a sex cell, egg or sperm, that can be passed down to offspring.

Question 6

Neutral mutation

Answer 6

A mutation that has no significant impact on the individual

Question 7

Deleterious mutation

Answer 7

A mutation that has a harmful effect on the individual

Question 8

Advantageous mutation

Answer 8

A mutation that allows an individual to better survive or reproduce in their environment

Question 9

Allele Frequency

Answer 9

The proportion of a specific allele among all the alleles of that gene in a population

Question 10

Fixation

Answer 10

When an allele in a population becomes the only allele present in that gene.

Question 11

Genotype frequency

Answer 11

the proportion of a specified genotype among all the genotypes.

How many AA or Aa there are

Question 12

Polymorphism

Answer 12

the variations among individuals that is present in multiple individuals in a population.

Ex. varying blood types

Question 13

Evolution

Answer 13

Evolution is the gradual change ofthe genetic make-up of a population.

Question 14

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 14

A state in which allele frequencies do not change over time. Implying evolution is not occurring

Question 15

Selection

Answer 15

The retention or elimination of alleles in a population. When the environment dictates this it is natural selection.

Question 16

Genetic drift

Answer 16

The random change in the frequency of alleles in a population.

Bottle neck and founder’s effect

Question 17

Non-random mating

Answer 17

A mating system in which some individuals are more or less likely to mate with some than others

Question 18

Adaptation

Answer 18

A trait that enhances an indivuals chance of survival

Question 19

Fitness

Answer 19

The ability for an individual to survive and reproduce

Question 20

Positive selection

Answer 20

When the environment favours a particular trait

Question 21

Negative selection

Answer 21

When an environment get rid of a certain trait

Question 22

Balancing selection

Answer 22

When no one particular trait is favoured

think the colour of a guppy

Question 23

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 23

When a heterozgote has greater fitness than either homozygotes

sickel cell anemia and malaria

Question 24

Stabilizing selection

Answer 24

When the enviroment selects for the middle ground

the size of a baby

Question 25

Directional selection

Answer 25

when one extreme is favoured over another

Question 26

Disruptive selection

Answer 26

when both extremes are favoured over the middle | Flies born at the different ends of apple fruiting season

Question 27

Selective pressure

Answer 27

the full set of environmental conditions that influnces the evolution of a population via natural selection

Question 28

Artificial selection

Answer 28

A form of direction selection done intentionally by humans

Question 29

Sexual selection

Answer 29

selection that promotes traits that increases an individuals reproductive oppurtunities

Question 30

Intrasexual selection

Answer 30

Compitition between the same sexes inorder to attract a mate | elephant seal

Question 31

Intersexual selection

Answer 31

The interaction between opposite sexes inorder to attract a mate

Question 32

Bottleneck

Answer 32

When a natural disater of event causes the shrinkage of a population and alters allele frequencies

Question 33

Founder effect

Answer 33

When a population moves to a different area taking a limited amount of alles with them

Question 34

migration

Answer 34

the movement of individuals form one population to another

Question 35

Gene flow

Answer 35

when new allels are moved form one population to another

Question 36

Inbreeding

Answer 36

When mating occurs between closely related relatives | loss of heterozygotes

Question 37

Inbreeding depression

Answer 37

A reduction in fitness as a result of inbreeding

Question 38

Molecular evolution

Answer 38

Evolution at the DNA level which results in the divergenc of populations

Question 39

Molecular clock

Answer 39

The amount of sequence difference between species and the time since the divergence. | The more differences, the longer they diverged

Question 40

population genetics

Answer 40

The study of genetic variation in a population.

Question 41

Mutation

Answer 41

An error in the genetic code that occurs during cell division

Question 42

Modern synthesis

Answer 42

The combination of darwins theory of natural selection along with Mendel's principles of inheritance

Question 43

Pseudogene

Answer 43

a gene that is no longer functional

Question 44

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 44

the systematic difference between the different sex of the same species