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Fall BIO > Ch 20 Evolution > Flashcards

Ch 20 Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species

A

A group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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2
Q

Gene pool

A

all the alleles present in all the individuals in a population or species

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3
Q

Population

A

A group of the same species that live in a specific geographic area

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4
Q

Somatic mutation

A

A mutation in a individuals body cell, does not get passed down

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5
Q

Germ-line mutation

A

A mutation that happens in a sex cell, egg or sperm, that can be passed down to offspring.

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6
Q

Neutral mutation

A

A mutation that has no significant impact on the individual

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7
Q

Deleterious mutation

A

A mutation that has a harmful effect on the individual

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8
Q

Advantageous mutation

A

A mutation that allows an individual to better survive or reproduce in their environment

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9
Q

Allele Frequency

A

The proportion of a specific allele among all the alleles of that gene in a population

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10
Q

Fixation

A

When an allele in a population becomes the only allele present in that gene.

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11
Q

Genotype frequency

A

the proportion of a specified genotype among all the genotypes.

How many AA or Aa there are

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12
Q

Polymorphism

A

the variations among individuals that is present in multiple individuals in a population.

Ex. varying blood types

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13
Q

Evolution

A

Evolution is the gradual change ofthe genetic make-up of a population.

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14
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

A state in which allele frequencies do not change over time. Implying evolution is not occurring

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15
Q

Selection

A

The retention or elimination of alleles in a population. When the environment dictates this it is natural selection.

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16
Q

Genetic drift

A

The random change in the frequency of alleles in a population.

Bottle neck and founder’s effect

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17
Q

Non-random mating

A

A mating system in which some individuals are more or less likely to mate with some than others

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that enhances an indivuals chance of survival

19
Q

Fitness

A

The ability for an individual to survive and reproduce

20
Q

Positive selection

A

When the environment favours a particular trait

21
Q

Negative selection

A

When an environment get rid of a certain trait

22
Q

Balancing selection

A

When no one particular trait is favoured

think the colour of a guppy

23
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

When a heterozgote has greater fitness than either homozygotes

sickel cell anemia and malaria

24
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

When the enviroment selects for the middle ground

the size of a baby

25
Q

Directional selection

A

when one extreme is favoured over another

26
Q

Disruptive selection

A

when both extremes are favoured over the middle

Flies born at the different ends of apple fruiting season

27
Q

Selective pressure

A

the full set of environmental conditions that influnces the evolution of a population via natural selection

28
Q

Artificial selection

A

A form of direction selection done intentionally by humans

29
Q

Sexual selection

A

selection that promotes traits that increases an individuals reproductive oppurtunities

30
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Compitition between the same sexes inorder to attract a mate

elephant seal

31
Q

Intersexual selection

A

The interaction between opposite sexes inorder to attract a mate

32
Q

Bottleneck

A

When a natural disater of event causes the shrinkage of a population and alters allele frequencies

33
Q

Founder effect

A

When a population moves to a different area taking a limited amount of alles with them

34
Q

migration

A

the movement of individuals form one population to another

35
Q

Gene flow

A

when new allels are moved form one population to another

36
Q

Inbreeding

A

When mating occurs between closely related relatives

loss of heterozygotes

37
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

A reduction in fitness as a result of inbreeding

38
Q

Molecular evolution

A

Evolution at the DNA level which results in the divergenc of populations

39
Q

Molecular clock

A

The amount of sequence difference between species and the time since the divergence.

The more differences, the longer they diverged

40
Q

population genetics

A

The study of genetic variation in a population.

41
Q

Mutation

A

An error in the genetic code that occurs during cell division

42
Q

Modern synthesis

A

The combination of darwins theory of natural selection along with Mendel’s principles of inheritance

43
Q

Pseudogene

A

a gene that is no longer functional

44
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

the systematic difference between the different sex of the same species

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