Chapter 4- Nervous system Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the nervous system
sensory, integrative and motor
the fundamental unit of the nervous system
neuron or nerve cell
what is the reflex arc composed of
receptor, sensor neuron, a center in the CNS for a synapse, motor neuron, and an effector
what is the parasympathetic division
cholinergic which regulates energy-conserving activity
the sympathetic system
adrenergic which is the flight or fight
what type of receptors does the cholinergic nervous system have
nicotinic and muscarinic
Cholinergic agents- direct acting
acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, bethanechol, pilocarpine, metoclopramide,
Cholinergic- indirect acting (anticholinesterase
edrophonium, neostigmine, physostigmine, organophosphate, demacarium and pyridostigmine
anticholinergic drugs are used for what
diarrhea, vomiting, drying of secretions, dilation of the pupils, ciliary spasm, and sinus bradycardia
what drugs are anticholinergics
atropine, methscopolamine, glycopyrrolate, aminopentamide, propantheline, and pralidoxime
what is atropine
a pre-anesthetic causing dilation of pupils, and is packaged in small-animal and large-animal concentrations
Adrenergic agents are classified as what
catecholamines or noncatecholamines
what are adrenergic agents used for
stimulate the heart beat, reverse hypotension, stregthen the heart, reduce capillary bleeding, urinary incontinence, reduce mucous membrane congestion, prolong local anesthetic, and to treat glaucoma
what are some adrenergic agents
epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, dopamine, phenylpropanolamine, dobutamine, and albuterol
alpha blockers
phenoxybenzamine, aacepromazine, prazosin, yhimbine, and atipamezole (antisedan)
beta blockers
propranolol, tiolol, atenolol, carteolol, levobunolol, metipranolol
tranquilizers
phenothiazine (dopamine blockers- acepromazine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, promazine, prochlorperazine), benzodiazepine (diazepam, midazolam, and alprazolam),
alpha 2-agonist
Xylazine (rompun, anased, gemini, sedazine, and cervizine), Detomidine (sedation and analgesia in horses),
alpha 2-adrenergic
Medetomidine (domitor- not available in the US), Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor), romifidine (sedivet)
Barbiturates
there are 3 different types- long acting, short acting, and ultrashort acting. They are used for sedation, seizures, anesthesia, and euthanasia
what are the three barbiturates
phenobarbital (long acting)
pentobarbital (short acting)
thiopental (ultrashort)
Dissociative agents (sedation, restraint, analgesia)
ketamine, tiletamine (telazol)
what are the opioid agonists
mu, kappa, sigma, delta
mu
found in pain-regulating areas of the brain
kappa
found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord
sigma
responsible for struggling,whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects
delta
modify mu receptor
naturally occurring narcotics
opium, morphine sulfate,
synthetic narcotics
meperidine, oxymorphone, butorphanol tartrate, fentanyl, hydrocodone biartrate, etorphine, pentazocine, diphenoxylate, apomorphine, methadone, codeine, carfentanil, buprenorphine.
Opoid antagonists
Naloxone, nalorphine, butophanol
Neuroleptanalgesics
fentanyl and droperidol
Propofol
short-acting hypnotic
anxiety meds
benzodiazepines
what drugs are benzodiazepines
diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam
antidepressants
tricyclics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors, synthetic progestin
Euthanasia agents
pentobarbital sodium ( sleepaway, fatal plus, pentobarbital generic)
adrenergic blockers do what
lowers blood pressure, hypotensive, and relaxs capillary beds
what are the 4 components of GA
hypnosis
amnesia
analgesia
reflex suspension and immobility
what are the 4 phases of GA
pre-induction and anxiolytics
induction
maintenance
recovery
what does propofol cause
apnea upon induction
Succinylcholine
used for horse castrations
couldn’t move but they could feel everything
Partition coefficient
lower air-blood solubility of an inhaled anesthetic agent produces quicker changes than an agent with a higher blood-to-gas solubility
what is MAC
Minimum alveolar concentration
what does MAC mean
inversely proportional to the agents potency so high number are weker agents than lower
Its similar to ED50
