Chapter 12- Antiinfective and Antimicrobics Flashcards
Antibiotics
confined to antibacterial antibiosis
Antifungals
systemic or deep infections, topical for dermatophytosos
Antivirals
not very effective and they are expensive
Resistance scale
Prions, endospores, protozoal cysts, non-enveloped viruses, fungi gram negative bacteria (red), gram positive bacteria (purple), and lipid enveloped viruses
Surfactant
reduces surface tension adn adherence of dirt and organic matter
sanitizing
removing dirt and organic debris via two steps of dry and wet cleaning
disinfection
reducing or killing pathogensto low levels
contact time
important to efficacy of chemical
sporicidial
capable of killing endospores
cidial
kills
static
slows/inhibits antimicrobics
antispesis
reduction of bacteria in biological setting, actually touches skin
sterilization
complete absence of life
Halogens
Hypchlorites- bleach for parvocide
Tamed iodide- topical antiseptics is usual application
use betadine a lot
Phenolics
simple organic materials, not as corrosive, cant us as a skin antispetic
Quats
Not for cold sterile
non effective against the hard to kill
use to wipe things down
Aldehydes
broad spectrum, usually alkanized an aqueous aldehyde is formalin buffered glutaraldehyde functional sterilization after 10h immersion vapors can be toxic
Alcohols
include isopropyl at 70%- materials have to sit for 10 min
dissolves through fat and oils
70% works better than 100 or 50%
MOA is coagulation of bacterial proteins
Biguanides
MOA is protein denaturation
fairly broad spectrum and fast acting
Chlorhexidine gluconate
will not kill zoonatic spores
Oxidizers
Hydrogen peroxide
effective against bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi
when it hits an enzyme catalase turns into water and free oxygen
what are antibiotic action mechanisms
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
disruption of cell membrane (interlining cell)
inhibition of protein synthesis (scramble or inhibit the cell)
interfere with cellular metabolisms
Antibiotic resistance
the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic
What is the major cause of antibiotic resistance
overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics
they put antibiotics in the food to help
Cell wall inhibitors- Cephalosporins
Penicillin G and V
G- was the first
V was the first orally stable form
broad spectrum
What are other cephalosporins
Beta-lactamase resistant (Oxxacillin and dicloxicillin)
Potentiated (Amoxicillin + Clavulonic acid= Clavamox)
They are considered a second line drug- after the first line fails
use as an IV pulse for contaminated surgery (implant surgery)
Cefpodaxime proxetil tablets
generic form of Cephalosporin
Lincosamides
good activity for gram positive and coccids
clindamycin-cidal against a range of anaerobic pathogens
happens in periodontal sulces
Aminoglycosides
they are very useful but dangerous
Must be used parenterally IV or IM or topical
it is aminoglycosides and is heat stable
Gentamycin, kanamycin, and stereptomcin
what are protein synthesis inhibitors
Macrolides Erythromycin- soft tissue inluding prostatic fluid tylosin- GI tract tilmicosin- Cattle and Sheep Azithromycin They are mostly in feed additives
The other protein synthesis inhibitor group
Tetracyclines-Bacteriostatic vs many gram+ and gram-
slow down the number and decrease them
absorption is compromised with calcium iron and magnesium
dont give to puppies or kittens
what do you treat with tetracyclines
Mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettiae, spirochetes (syphalis in humans)
Quinolones
Bacterial nucleic acid interference
broad spectrum of action
4 forms of Quinolones
Enrofloxacin (baytril) Orbifloxaacin (orbax) Difloxacin- (dicural) Marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) Siprofloxaicn- its another drug used for anthrax
Nitroimidazoles
Includes metronidazole (flagyl) and it works on the peripheral nerves
it can make them ataxic, wobbly, and weak
Metronidazole warnings
watch for neurotoxicity especially in cats
Folic acid antimetabolites
Sulfonamide group- it inhibit folic acid synthesis and synthesizes antimicrobics
Enteric vs systemic infections can be treated with what
cantracin which is the trade name
Sulfadimethoxine or sulfasalazine are both types of the drug
Molds and yeast
can be treated with imidazole
superficial molds such as dermatophytes and malssezia and be treated with dilute vinegar, lime sulfur dip, lufenuron, terbenefine, and griseofulvin
it treats dandrff and seborrheaic dermatitis
Antivirals
Viruses that become intracellular residents
what do you use to treat viruses
acyclovir (its anti-DNA and prototype antiviral)
Famciclovir treats Fline herpes viral rhinotracheaitis
