Chapter 4: Muscular Strength and Endurance

Question 1

A single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength, speed of contraction, and energy source.

Answer 1

Muscle fiber

Question 2

A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other body part and transmits the force exerted by the muscle.

Answer 2

Tendon

Question 3

Protein structures that make up muscle fibers (‘myo’ means muscle).

Answer 3

Myofibrals

Question 4

A cell structure containing DNA and genes that direct the production of proteins; pl., nuclei.

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

Cells that provide additional cell nuclei in skeletal muscle, which enhances muscle protein synthesis and cell repair.

Answer 5

Satellite Cells

Question 6

An increase in the size of muscle fibers, usually stimulated by muscular overload, as occurs during strength training.

Answer 6

Hypertrophy

Question 7

An increase in the number of muscle fibers.

Answer 7

Hyperplasia

Question 8

A decrease in the size of muscle fibers, usually attributable to inactivity.

Answer 8

Atrophy

Question 9

Red muscle fibers that are fatigue resistant but have a slow contraction speed and a lower capacity for tension; usually recruited for endurance activities.

Answer 9

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

Question 10

White muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly; usually recruited for actions requiring strength, power, or speed.

Answer 10

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

Question 11

The ability to exert force rapidly.

Answer 11

Power

Question 12

A long, slender part of the nerve cell that conducts the nerve impulse away from the nerve cell body.

Answer 12

Axon

Question 13

A fatty material covering the nerve cell that insulates the axon. Practicing a motor skill lays down more myelin on the axon, which speeds neural conduction and improves skills such as hitting a tennis ball or baseball or skiing down a hill.

Answer 13

Myelin

Question 14

The principal male hormone, responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and important in increasing muscle size.

Answer 14

Testosterone

Question 15

Activating muscle contractions explosively, regardless of weight used. Also called compensatory acceleration training.

Answer 15

Purposeful Strength training

Question 16

The maximum resistance that can be moved a specified number of times. One RM is the maximum weight that can be lifted one time; 5 RM is the maximum weight that can be lifted five times.

Answer 16

Repetition Maximum (RM)

Question 17

The number of times an exercise is performed during one set.

Answer 17

Repetitions

Question 18

Exercise causing a muscle contraction without a change in the muscle’s length or a joint’s angle.

Answer 18

Isometric (Static) exercise

Question 19

Exercise causing a muscle contraction and a change in the muscle’s length.

Answer 19

Isotonic (Dynamic) exercise

Question 20

A dynamic contraction in which the muscle gets shorter as it contracts; also called a miometric contraction.

Answer 20

Concentric Muscle Contraction

Question 21

A dynamic contraction in which the muscle lengthens as it contracts..

Answer 21

Eccentric Muscle Contraction

Question 22

A type of dynamic exercise that uses a constant load throughout a joint’s full range of motion.

Answer 22

Constant resistance exercise

Question 23

A type of dynamic exercise that uses a changing load, providing a maximum load at the strongest point in the affected joint’s range of motion.

Answer 23

Variable Resistance exercise

Question 24

Loading the muscle while it is lengthening; sometimes called negatives.

Answer 24

Eccentric Loading

Question 25

Rapid stretching of a muscle group that is undergoing eccentric stress (that is, the muscle is exerting force while it lengthens), followed by a rapid concentric contraction.

Answer 25

Plyometrics

Question 26

Moving a load as rapidly as possible.

Answer 26

Speed Loading

Question 27

A type of dynamic exercise that provides variable resistance to a movement, so that the movement occurs at a constant speed no matter how much effort is exerted. (biking)

Answer 27

Isokinetic exercise

Question 28

Exercising with restricted blood flow to working muscles. Also called Kaatsu training.

Answer 28

Blood Flow restriction training

Question 29

Destruction of muscle tissue resulting in the release of enzymes and electrolytes from the cell contents, which can cause kidney damage and even death. This usually occurs during traumatic injuries such as automobile accidents. Overzealous training programs can also cause “rhabdo.”

Answer 29

rhabdomyolysis

Question 30

Substances consumed to improve athletic performance.

Answer 30

ergogenic aids

Question 31

A change in the normal pattern of the heartbeat.

Answer 31

Arrhythmia

Question 32

Elevated blood glucose (blood sugar) levels caused by metabolic problems.

Answer 32

Glucose intolerance

Question 33

A central nervous system stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drinks; it increases energy level and alertness.

Answer 33

Caffeine