Chapter 3: Basic Physiology of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise Flashcards
the system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
Cardiorespiratory System
Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
path of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body
Systemic Circulation
a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
venae cavae (vena cava)
Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart
Atrium
The process by which oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs; faster breathing concentrates oxygen and decreases carbon dioxide in the lungs and promotes diffusion.
Diffusion
The heart valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle that prevents the back flow of blood into the right atrium.
Tricuspid Valve
The heart valve that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents the back flow of blood into the right ventricle.
Pulmonary Valve
Contraction of the heart
Systole
Relaxation of the heart
Diastole
the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
Blood Pressure
The heart valve that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle that prevents the back flow of blood into the left atrium.
Mitral Valve
The heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta that prevents the back flow of blood into the left ventricle
Aortic Valve
carry blood to the heart
Veins
carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
cells lining the blood vessels
Endothenial Cells
A gas released by the endothelial cells to promote blood flow. The capacity of these cells to release nitric oxide is an important marker of good health.
Nitric Oxide
Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body.
Capillaries
A pair of large blood vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
Coronary Arteries
The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System
Tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.
Alveoli
The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat.
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute via heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiac Output
The rate at which the body uses energy.
Metabolic Rate
The energy source for cellular processes.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
The system that supplies very short bursts of energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP).
immediate (“explosive”) energy system
The system that supplies energy to muscle cells for highly intense exercise of short duration by breaking down muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; called the anaerobic system because chemical reactions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.
nonoxidative (anaerobic) energy system
A metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen. It is broken down in the body into lactate and hydrogen ions as soon as it is produced.
Lactic Acid
The system that supplies energy to cells for long periods of activity through the breakdown of glucose, glycogen, and fats; called the aerobic system because its chemical reactions require oxygen.
oxidative (aerobic) energy system
Cell structures that convert the energy in food to a form the body can use.
Mitochondria
A high-energy compound used to resynthesize ATP that is particularly important during high-intensity exercise.
creatine phosphate (CP)
The highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body’s ability to transport and use oxygen; measured in liters per minute or milliliters of oxygen used per kilogram of body weight per minute.
maximal oxygen consumption ( V˙ O 2max )
Lactate is lactic acid without the acid. In the body, lactic acid immediately gets rid of the acid (hydrogen ion, H+), so the body produces and uses lactate at rest and during exercise.
Lactate
The body’s response to tissue and cell damage, environmental poisons, or poor metabolic health.
Inflammation
a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily
Osteoporosis
The physiological processes that protect us from diseases such as colds, bacterial infections, and even cancer.
Immune System
The range of heart rates that should be reached and maintained during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise to obtain optimal training effects.
Target HR Zone
The difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in one method for calculating target heart rate zone.
HR Reserve
A unit of measure that represents the body’s resting metabolic rate-that is, the energy requirement of the body at rest.
MET
rest, ice, compression, elevation
RICE Principle
Freezing of body tissues characterized by pallor, numbness, and a loss of cold sensation.
Frostbite
A severe and often fatal heat illness characterized by significantly elevated core body temperature.
Heatstroke
Heat illness resulting from exertion in hot weather.
Heat Exhaustion
Sudden muscle spasms and pain associated with intense exercise in hot weather.
Heat Cramps
Excessive loss of body fluids.
Dehydration
A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms.
Glucose
a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.
Glycogen
