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Microbiology Lecture > Chapter 4: Microscopy, Staining, and Classification > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What refers to the use of light of electrons to magnify objects?

A

Microscopy

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2
Q

What is the difference between two corresponding parts of a wave.

A

wavelength

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3
Q

What is the apparent increase in size of an object called?

A

magnification

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4
Q

What are the name of the properties that determine the clarity of an image, which in turn determines the useful magnification of a microscope?

A

Resolution and Contrast

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5
Q

What is the ability to distinguish objects that are close together?

A

Resolution

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6
Q

What refers to differences in intensity between two objects or between an object and its background?

A

Contrast

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7
Q

What are the names of the two basic type of bright-field microscopes?

A

Simple microscopes and compound microscopes.

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8
Q

Which microscope contains a single magnifying lens and is more similar to a magnifying glass than to a modern microscope?

A

Simple microscope

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9
Q

What microscope uses a series of lenses for magnification?

A

Compound microscope

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10
Q

What is the name of the lens immediately above the object being magnified?

A

Objective

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11
Q

Most light microscopes have 3 or 4 objective lenses mounted on what?

A

A revolving nosepiece

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12
Q

An oil immersion lens increases not only magnification but also _____.

A

Resolution

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13
Q

Immersion oil increases the ____________, which increases resolution.

A

numerical aperture

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14
Q

The distance between the lens and the specimen is called what?

A

Working distance

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15
Q

What part of the light compound microscope remagnifies the image formed by the objective lens?

A

Ocular lens

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16
Q

What is determined by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens?

A

Total Magnification

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17
Q

What part of the light compound microscope transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens using prisms?

A

Body

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18
Q

What part of the compound microscope is the primary lenses that magnifies the specimen?

A

Objective lenses

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19
Q

What part of the light compound microscope holds the microscope slide in position?

A

Stage

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20
Q

What part of the light compound microscope focuses light through specimen?

A

Condenser

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21
Q

What part of the light compound microscope controls the amount of light entering the condenser?

A

Diaphragm

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22
Q

What part of the light microscope moves the stage up and down to focus the image?

A

Coarse focusing knob

23
Q

Name the parts of the following bright-field, compound light microscope below starting from the top:

A
  1. Ocular Lens
  2. Body
  3. Arm
  4. Objective lens
  5. Stage
  6. Condenser
  7. Diaphragm
  8. Illuminator
  9. Coarse focusing knob
  10. Fine focusing knob
  11. Base
24
Q

A principle of microscopys is that resolution distance is dependent on what two things?

A
  1. The wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation
  2. The numerical aperture of the lens
25
Q

What part of the moderm compound microscope directs light through the specimen?

A

Condenser lens

26
Q

Pale objects are best observed by what kind of microscope?

A

Dark field microscopes

27
Q

What do dark-field microscopes contain that prevents light from directly entering the objective lens?

A

Dark-field stop

28
Q

The specimen in a dark field microscope appears ____ against dark background?

29
Q

What kind of microscopes are used to examine living microorganisms or specimens that would be damaged or altered by attaching them to slides or staining them.

A

Phase microscopes

30
Q

Light rays are said to be in phase when their crests and troughs are ____.

31
Q

Light rays are said to be __________ when their crests and troughs are not aligned.

A

out of phase

32
Q

Light rays in phase produce_____ image.

33
Q

Light rays out of phase produce

_________ image.

34
Q

What are the two types of Phase Mircoscopes?

A

Phase-Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast microscope

35
Q

The simplest phase mircoscope is called what?

A

Phase-contrast microscope

36
Q

What Phase microscope produces sharply defined images in which fine structures can be seen in living cells?

A

Phase-contrast

37
Q

What are two prokaryotic structures that phase-contrast microscopes are particularly useful for?

A

Cilia and flagella

38
Q

What phase microscope creates phase interference patterns?

A

Differential interference contrast microscopes

39
Q

Molecules that absorb energy from invisible radiation and then radiate the energy back as a longer, visble wavelength are said to be ___________.

A

Fluorescent

40
Q

What type of light in fluorescnece microscopes increaes resolution?

41
Q

What can be used in fluorescence microscopes for cells and cellular structures that are not natually fluorescent?

A

Fluorescent dyes

42
Q

How can immunofluorescence be used?

A

to identify pathogens and to make visible a variety of proteins of interest.

43
Q

What is a similarity between Confocal microscopes and Fluorescent microscopes?A difference?

A
  • Use fluorscent dyes
  • Difference: Use UV lasers to to illuminate the fluorescent chemicals in only single plane no thicker than 1. micrometer
44
Q

What type of light microscopy microscope constructs 3D image from digitized images?

A

Confocal Microscopes

45
Q

Structures that can’t be distingued using a light microscope that are closer together then about 200 nanometers use what type of microscopy?

A

Electron microscopy

46
Q

Cellular structures that can be seen only by using electron microscopy are referred to as the cell’s _______________.

A

Ultrastructure

47
Q

What are the two general types of electron microscopes?

A
  • Transmission electron microscope
  • Scanning eletron microscope
48
Q

What type of Microscopy maginifies objects 10,000x to 100,000x

A

Electron microscopy

49
Q

What type of microscope generates a beam of electrons that ultimately produces an image on a fluorescent screen?

A

Transmission Electron microscope

50
Q

Can transmission electron microscopes be used to study living organisms?

51
Q

What slicing machine is used to examine thicker specimens such as whole cells in a transmission electron microscope?

A

Ultramicrotome

52
Q

The column of a Transmission electron microscope must be a __________.

53
Q

What is the similarity and difference between a scanning electron microscope and a transmission?

A
  • Similarity: use Vaccum column
    • Difference: Rather than passing electrons through a specimen , the SEM rapidly focuses them back and forth across the specimen’s surface, which has previosuly been coated with a metal such as platinum or gold.
54
Q

What is an advantage of SEM over TEM microscopy?

A

Whole species can be observed because sectioning is not required.

Microbiology Lecture (7 decks)

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