Chapter 4: Microscopy, Staining, and Classification

Question 1

What refers to the use of light of electrons to magnify objects?

Answer 1

Microscopy

Question 2

What is the difference between two corresponding parts of a wave.

Answer 2

wavelength

Question 3

What is the apparent increase in size of an object called?

Answer 3

magnification

Question 4

What are the name of the properties that determine the clarity of an image, which in turn determines the useful magnification of a microscope?

Answer 4

Resolution and Contrast

Question 5

What is the ability to distinguish objects that are close together?

Answer 5

Resolution

Question 6

What refers to differences in intensity between two objects or between an object and its background?

Answer 6

Contrast

Question 7

What are the names of the two basic type of bright-field microscopes?

Answer 7

Simple microscopes and compound microscopes.

Question 8

Which microscope contains a single magnifying lens and is more similar to a magnifying glass than to a modern microscope?

Answer 8

Simple microscope

Question 9

What microscope uses a series of lenses for magnification?

Answer 9

Compound microscope

Question 10

What is the name of the lens immediately above the object being magnified?

Answer 10

Objective

Question 11

Most light microscopes have 3 or 4 objective lenses mounted on what?

Answer 11

A revolving nosepiece

Question 12

An oil immersion lens increases not only magnification but also _____.

Answer 12

Resolution

Question 13

Immersion oil increases the ____________, which increases resolution.

Answer 13

numerical aperture

Question 14

The distance between the lens and the specimen is called what?

Answer 14

Working distance

Question 15

What part of the light compound microscope remagnifies the image formed by the objective lens?

Answer 15

Ocular lens

Question 16

What is determined by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens?

Answer 16

Total Magnification

Question 17

What part of the light compound microscope transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens using prisms?

Answer 17

Body

Question 18

What part of the compound microscope is the primary lenses that magnifies the specimen?

Answer 18

Objective lenses

Question 19

What part of the light compound microscope holds the microscope slide in position?

Answer 19

Stage

Question 20

What part of the light compound microscope focuses light through specimen?

Answer 20

Condenser

Question 21

What part of the light compound microscope controls the amount of light entering the condenser?

Answer 21

Diaphragm

Question 22

What part of the light microscope moves the stage up and down to focus the image?

Answer 22

Coarse focusing knob

Question 23

Name the parts of the following bright-field, compound light microscope below starting from the top:

Answer 23

1. Ocular Lens
2. Body
3. Arm
4. Objective lens
5. Stage
6. Condenser
7. Diaphragm
8. Illuminator
9. Coarse focusing knob
10. Fine focusing knob
11. Base

Question 24

A principle of microscopys is that resolution distance is dependent on what two things?

Answer 24

1. The wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation
2. The numerical aperture of the lens

Question 25

What part of the moderm compound microscope directs light through the specimen?

Answer 25

Condenser lens

Question 26

Pale objects are best observed by what kind of microscope?

Answer 26

Dark field microscopes

Question 27

What do dark-field microscopes contain that prevents light from directly entering the objective lens?

Answer 27

Dark-field stop

Question 28

The specimen in a dark field microscope appears ____ against dark background?

Answer 28

Light

Question 29

What kind of microscopes are used to examine living microorganisms or specimens that would be damaged or altered by attaching them to slides or staining them.

Answer 29

Phase microscopes

Question 30

Light rays are said to be in phase when their crests and troughs are \_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

aligned.

Question 31

Light rays are said to be __________ when their crests and troughs are not aligned.

Answer 31

out of phase

Question 32

Light rays in phase produce\_\_\_\_\_ image.

Answer 32

Brighter

Question 33

Light rays out of phase produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ image.

Answer 33

Darker

Question 34

What are the two types of Phase Mircoscopes?

Answer 34

Phase-Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast microscope

Question 35

The simplest phase mircoscope is called what?

Answer 35

Phase-contrast microscope

Question 36

What Phase microscope produces sharply defined images in which fine structures can be seen in living cells?

Answer 36

Phase-contrast

Question 37

What are two prokaryotic structures that phase-contrast microscopes are particularly useful for?

Answer 37

Cilia and flagella

Question 38

What phase microscope creates phase interference patterns?

Answer 38

Differential interference contrast microscopes

Question 39

Molecules that absorb energy from invisible radiation and then radiate the energy back as a longer, visble wavelength are said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

Fluorescent

Question 40

What type of light in fluorescnece microscopes increaes resolution?

Answer 40

UV light

Question 41

What can be used in fluorescence microscopes for cells and cellular structures that are not natually fluorescent?

Answer 41

Fluorescent dyes

Question 42

How can immunofluorescence be used?

Answer 42

to identify pathogens and to make visible a variety of proteins of interest.

Question 43

What is a similarity between Confocal microscopes and Fluorescent microscopes?A difference?

Answer 43

* Use fluorscent dyes * Difference: Use UV lasers to to illuminate the fluorescent chemicals in only single plane no thicker than 1. micrometer

Question 44

What type of light microscopy microscope constructs 3D image from digitized images?

Answer 44

Confocal Microscopes

Question 45

Structures that can't be distingued using a light microscope that are closer together then about 200 nanometers use what type of microscopy?

Answer 45

Electron microscopy

Question 46

Cellular structures that can be seen only by using electron microscopy are referred to as the cell's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

Ultrastructure

Question 47

What are the two general types of electron microscopes?

Answer 47

* Transmission electron microscope * Scanning eletron microscope

Question 48

What type of Microscopy maginifies objects 10,000x to 100,000x

Answer 48

Electron microscopy

Question 49

What type of microscope generates a beam of electrons that ultimately produces an image on a fluorescent screen?

Answer 49

Transmission Electron microscope

Question 50

Can transmission electron microscopes be used to study living organisms?

Answer 50

No

Question 51

What slicing machine is used to examine thicker specimens such as whole cells in a transmission electron microscope?

Answer 51

Ultramicrotome

Question 52

The column of a Transmission electron microscope must be a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

Vacuum

Question 53

What is the similarity and difference between a scanning electron microscope and a transmission?

Answer 53

* Similarity: use Vaccum column * Difference: Rather than passing electrons through a specimen , the SEM rapidly focuses them back and forth across the specimen's surface, which has previosuly been coated with a metal such as platinum or gold.

Question 54

What is an advantage of SEM over TEM microscopy?

Answer 54

Whole species can be observed because sectioning is not required.