Chapter 11: Prokaryotes Flashcards
What are the 3 basic shapes of prokaryotic cells?
coccus, bacillus, and spiral.
Endospores are produced by which Gram-_______ bacteria?
positive Bacillus and Clostridum
What prokaryotc organism constitutes a defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable conditions?
Endospores
What prokaryotic organism constitutes a defensive strategy against hostile or unfavorable conditions?
Endospores
What is the name of the process of endospore formation?
Sporulation
How do all prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexually
What are the 3 main methods of asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells? What is is the most common?
Binary fission (most common) Snapping division Budding
Explain the steps of binary fission according to the picture:***
- cell replicates its DNA 2. The cytoplasmic membrane elongates. 3. cross wall forms, membrane invaginates. 4. Cross wall forms completely. 5. Daughter cells seperate.
What is the name of the asexual reproduction method that involves when an outgrowth of the original cell ( a bud) receives a copy of the genetic material and enlarges.
Budding
Which asexual reproduction method in prokaryotes is a variation of binary fission?
Snapping division
The production of live offspring within a mother is called what? The first documented case of this was found in what bacterium?
Viviparity Epilopiscium
The arrangement of prokaryotic cells result from what two aspects of of division during binary fission?
- Planes in which cells divide. 2. Separation of daughter cells
Regarding the arrangement of prokaryotic cells, cocci that remain attached in pairs are called what? Long chains are called what?
diplococci streptococci
What is the modern prokaryotic classification based on?
Genetic relatedness of rRna sequences.
What are the three domains of modern prokaryotic classification?
Archaea, Bacteria, eukarya
Which Prokaryote fits the following common features: -Lack true peptidoglycan -Cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains -AUG codon codes for methionine
Archaea
What are two phyla of archaea?
Crenarchaeaota, Euryarchaeota
How do archaea reproduce?
binary fission, budding, fragmentation
What are the shapes of archaea?
cocci, bacilli, spirals, pleomorphic
Are archaea known to cause disease?
No
What conditions are required for extremophiles to survive? What area these conditions based on?
Extreme Temperature, pH, and/or salinity
What are the names of the prominent members of Extremophiles?
Thermophiles and Halophiles
What are three subclasses of extremophiles? Under what conditions do they function?
-Thermophiles: DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes, and proteins do not function properly below degrees Celsius. -Hyperthermophiles: Require temperatures over 80 degrees Celsius. Halophiles: Depend on >9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls.
What are two representative genera of extremophiles?
Geogemma, Pyrodictium
What is the larges group of archaea?
Methanogens
Which group of archaea functions to convert COZ,H2, and organic acids to methane gas?
Methanogens
Which group of archaea functions to convert organic wastes in ponds, lakes, and ocean sediments to methane?
Methanogens
Which group of archaea can live in colons of animals?
Methanogens
Describe 3 characteristics of Deeply branching bacteria.
-Scientists believe these organisms similar to earliest bacteria -Autotrophic -Live in habitats similar to those thought to exost on early Earth
What is the name of the bacteria considered to represent earliest branch of bacteria?
Aquifex
Which deep branching bacteria has an outer membrane similar to Gram-negatives, but stains Gram-positive?
Deinococcus
Which group of bacteria are autotrophic and are considered phototrophs that contain photosynthetic lamellae?
Phototrophic bacteria
What are the five main groups of phototrophic bacteria?
Blue green bacteria (cyanobacteria) Green sulfur bacteria Green nonsulfur bacteria Purple sulfur bacteria Purple nonsulfur bacteria
What are the types of photosynthesis in the 5 major groups of phototrophic bacteria?
- cyanobacteria (blue green): oxygenic 2. Green-sulfur: Anoxygenic 3. Green Non-sulfur bacteria: Anoxygenic 4. Purple sulfur: anoxygenic 5. Purple nonsulfur:anoxygenic
Determine whether nitrogen fixation occurs in the 5 main groups of phototrophic bacteria.
Cyanobacteria (blue green): some species Green sulfur (chloribi), Green nonsulfur (choloroflexi), purple sulfur, purple nonsulfur: none
What is the common name for Gammaproteobacteria?
Purple sulfur bacteria
What is the common name for Alphaproteobacteria and one genus in betaproteobacteria?
Purple nonsulfur bacteria
Determine the type of motility in the 5 major groups of phototrophic bacteria.
Cyanobacteria: nonmotile or gliding chlorobia: nonmotile chloroflexi: Gliding Gammaproteobacteria: motile with polar or peritrichous flagella Alphaproteobacteria/betaproteobacteria: Nonmotile or motile with polar flagella
What manual constructs modern classification schemes of prokaryotes based primarily on on the relative similarities of rRNA sequences found in various prokaryotic groups?
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic bacteriorlogy
What is G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria?
The percentage of all base pairs in a genome that are guanine-cytosine base pairs.
What is considered Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria?What is considered high?
Bacteria with G+C content below 50%. The remainder are considered high.
Why are Low and High G+C Gram positive Bacteria seperated into two different phyla?
B/c Gram-positive bacteria with low G+C content have similar sequences in their 16S rRNA and that those with high G+C content also have similar sequences in common.
Low G+C pos bacteria are classified within what phylum group?
phylum Firmicutes
What 3 groups are classified within low G+C positive bacteria?
Clostridia, Mycoplasmas, and other low G+C positive bacilli and cocci
What bacteria falls underneath the following characteristics: -Rod shaped, obligate anaerobes, many of which form endospores -Named for the genus Clostridium -Important in medicine and industry -Microbes related to clostridium include Epulopiscium, sulfate reducing microbes, and selenomas.
Clostridia
A genus vibrio-shaped bacteria that includes members that live as part of the biofilm (plaque) is known as what? What color does this bacteria stain?
Selenomonas Pink
Which group of Low G+C positive bacteria follows under the following characteristics? -Faculative or obligate anaerobes -Lack cell Walls -smallest-free living cells -require organic growth factors (i.e cholesterol, fatty acids) -colonize mm of the respiratory and urinary tracts in animals
Mycoplasmas
What color do mycoplasmas stain? Why?
Pink They lack a cell wall
Why are mycoplasmas partly able to survive without a cell wall?
Because they colonize osmotically protected habitats and because they have tough cytoplasmic membranes, many of which contain lipids called sterols.
Due to the fact that Mycoplasmas lack cell walls they are considered to be what?
pleomorphic
Which main Low G+C Gram-Positive bacteria group are considered significant in environmental, industrial, and health care settings?
Other Low G+C bacilli and cocci
Name the genera in the other Low G+C Bacilli and Cocci (hint, 6)
Bacillus, Listera, Lactobacillus, streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus.
Describe characteristics of the genus Bacillus (hint, 2)
-Include endospore-forming aerobes and faculatative anaerobes that typically move by means of peritrichous flagella -many common in soil
Which subcategory bacteria of Bacillus is used by farmers and gardeners as an insecticide
Bacillus thuringiensis
Which subcategory bacteria of Bacillus causes anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Which other low g+c gram positive bacilli and cocci bacteria has the following characteristics: -contaminates milk and meat products -capable of reproducing under refrigeration -can cross the placenta in pregnant women
Listeria
Which other low g+c gram positive bacilli and cocci bacteria has the following characteristics: -Grows in the body but rarely causes disease -Used in the production of yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, and sauerkraut.
Lactobacillus
Which other low g+c gram positive bacilli and cocci bacteria has the following characteristics: -Cause numerous diseases -Various strains of multi-drug-resistant streptococci
Steptococcus and Enterococcus
Which other low g+c gram positive bacilli and cocci bacteria has the following characteristics: -typically found growing harmless in nasal passages -produce toxins and enzymes that contribute to diseases such as bacteremia, PNA, food poisoning, toxic chick syndrome etc.
staphylococcus aureus
Taxonomists classify gram-positive G+C bacteria with a percentage >50% in what phylum?
phylum Actinobacteria
Name the representative genera in High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria or Acetinobacteria. (hint, 5)
Corynebacterium Mycobacterium Actinomyces Nocardia Streptomyces
Name the special characteristics in the genus Corynebacterium.(hint, 4)
-Pleomorphic (mostly rod shaped) aerobes and facultative anaerobes -reproduce by snapping division -characterized by their stores of phosphate within inclusions called metachromatic granules -cause diptheria
Name the special characteristics in the genus Myobacterium (hint, 3)
-composed of aerobic rods that sometimes form filaments -slow growth partly due to mycolic acid in its cell walls -microbiologist developed the acid-fast stain for mycobacteria due to mycolic acid in cell wall which makes cells resistant to staining with water based dyes.
Which phylum Actinobacteria genus forms branching filaments resembling fungi?
Actinomycetes
What are the three important genera in Actinomycetes?
Actinomyces, Norcardia, Streptomyces
What are 3 characteristics of the Actinomycetes genus actinomyces?
-are facultative capenic filaments -normal inhabitants of oral cavity in humans -can cause actinomyces israelii which can lead to abscesses.
Name 2 characteristics of the Actinonycetes genus streptomyces.
-recycle nutrients in the soil by degrading a number of carbohydrates -produce most of the important antibiotics including erythromycin
Which phylum of bacteria is apart of gram negative bacteria?
phylum Proteobacteria
Which phylum of bacteria constitutes the largest and most diverse group of bacteria?
phylum Proteobacteria
What are the 5 classes of Proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria
Name 2 characteristics of alphaproterobacteria.
-are typically aerobes capable of growing at very low nutrient levels -many species have unusual extensions called prosthecae
What is the function of prosthecae in alphaproterobacteria?
alphaproteobacteria use prosthecae for attachment and to increase surface for nutrient absorption.
Name 5 types of alphaproterobacteria.
-Nitrogen fixers -Nitrifying bacteria -Purple Nonsulfur phototrophs -Pathogenic Alphaproteobacteria -other alphaproteobacteria (i.e. acetobacter and gluconobacter used to synthesize acetic acid in the production of vinegar)
what are the names of two genera of alphaproterobacteria that make N2 available to plants as NH3 (ammonia)? what are these two genera also referred to as?
-Azospirillum and Rhizobium -Nitrogen fixers
What is the name for the bacteria that derives electrons from the oxidation of nitrogenous compounds?
Nitrifying bacteria
Nitrifying alphaproteobacteria include which species?what step in nitrification does this species perform? Which organisms perform the first step?(hint, 2)
-Nitrobacter -second step -archaea or betaproteobacteria
What are the 3 species of Pathogenic Betaproteobacteria?
Neisseria, bordetella, Burkholderia
What disease does bordetella cause?
pertussis
Which pathogenic betaproteobacteria inhabits mucous membranes of mammals and causes diseases such as gonorrhea and meningitis.
Neisseria
Which pathogenic betaproteobacteria commonly colonizes moist envrionmental surfaces and the respiratory passages of cystic fibrosis patients?
Burkholderia
Which ‘other betaproteobacteria’ recycles sulfur in the environment?
Thiobacillus
What makes up the largest group of proteobacteria?
gammaproteobacteria
What subgroups can gammaproteobacteria be divided into? (hint, 5)
-purple sulfur bacteria -intracellular pathogens -methane oxidizers -Glycolytic facultative anaerobes -Pseudomonads
The function of what Gammeproteobacteria subgroup is to obligate anaerobes that oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfur, which then deposit them as internal granules?
Purple sulfur bacteria
Which intracellular pathogen that is apart of gammaproteobacteria derives energy from the metabolism of amino acids?
Legionella
What disease does Coxiella cause?
Q fever
What gram negative bacteria utilizes methane as a carbon source and an energy source and inhabits anaerobic environments?
Methane Oxidizers
Which group of gammaproteobacteria has the following characteristics: -catabolize CHO by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway -largest group of gammaproteobacteria -divided into 3 families, one including (Enterobacteriaceae) Escherichia coli.
Glycolytic Facultative anaerobe
Which group of gammaproteobacteria has the following characteristics: -catabolizes CHO by the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. -Breaks down numerous organic compounds. -Important pathogens of humans and animals. -causes UTI and external OM
Pseudomonads
What is the similarity and difference between Azotobacter and azomonas in gammaproteobacteria and nitrogen fixing alphaproteobacteria?
Similarity:Nitrogen Fixing Difference: Azotobacter and Azomonas do not associate with the roots of plants.
Name the 5 steps that Bdellovibrio attacks and destroys other Gram negative bacteria.
- A free Bdellovibrio swims rapidly through medium and attaches via fimbriae to a Gram-negative bacteria
- It rapidly drills through cell wall of prey by screting hydrolytic enzymes and rotating in excess.
- once inside, it lives in periplasmic space (space between cell membrane and outer membrane of cell wall). then kills host by disrupting host’s cell membrane and inhibiting DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
- bdellovibrio uses nutrients of dying host and grows into a long filament.
- eventually filament divides into as many as 9 smaller smaller cells at once, each of which, when released from dead cell, produces a flagellum and swims off to repeat process.
What gram negative, aerobic, soil dwelling deltaproteobacteria includes a life cycle for prokaryotes in that individuals cooperate to produce differentiated reproductive structures?
Myxobacteria
What are the names of the other Gram-Negative bacteria?
- chlamydias
- spirochetes
- Bacteroids
What are 2 characteristics of bacteroides?
- Inhabit the digestive tracts of humans and animals
- most common anaerobic human pathogen
What bacteria grows intracellularly in mammals, birds, and some invertebrates, is smaller then viruses, and is the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in the United States?
Chlamydias
