Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Lecture > Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 processes of life?

A

Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Compare/describe the characteristics of life. (hint: G, R, R, M, C)

A

Growth: Increases in size.

Reproduction: Increases in number.

Responsiveness: ability to react with environmental stimuli

Metabolism: Controlled chemical reactions of organisms.

Cellular structure: Membrane-bound structure capable of all of the above functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compare the processes/characteristics of life/whether or not they occur in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

A

Growth: occurs in all Reproduction: occurs in all Responsiveness: occurs in all Metabolism: occurs in all Cellular structure: present in all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compare the processes/characteristics of life in relation to viruses. (hint: G,R,R,M,C)

A
  • Growth: Growth does not occur
  • Reproduction:Host cell replicates the virus
  • Responsiveness:Reaction in host cells seen in some viruses.
  • Metabolism:viruses use host cell metabolism.
  • Cellular structure: viruses lack cytoplasmic membrane or cellular structure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What organisms are Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes composed of?

A

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes: Animals, Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe whether Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes have a nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes: Lack nucleus

Eukaryotes: Have nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the internal structure of Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes: Lack various internal structures, bound with phospholipid membranes.

Eukaryotes: Have internal membrane bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compare Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes in size and complexity

A

P: smaller-typically 1 micrometer in dm or smaller, simple structure

E: larger-10-100 micrometers in dm, complex structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the external gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the bacterial cell?

A

Glycocalyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What components is the Glycocalyces composed of?

A

polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyces?

A

capsule, slime layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the slime layer type of the glycocalyces surrounding the bacterial cell.

A

Loosely attached to cell surface, Water soluble, Sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the capsule type of the glycocalyces surrounding the bacterial cell.

A

Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals, Firmly attached to cell surface, May prevent bacteria from being recognized by host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are flagella responsible for?What are their function?

A

Movement. Propels bacterium through environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are flagella present on all bacteria?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe components of flagella structure.

A

Composed of filament, hook, and basal body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the basal body component of the flagella do?

A

Anchors the filament and hooks to cell wall,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Flagella move in what direction? Move in response to what?

A
  • Counterclockwise or clockwise
  • Move in response to stimuli (run, tumble)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are frimbriae?

A

Sticky, bristlelike projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the function of fimbriae?

A

Used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substances in the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are fimbriae or flagella shorter?

A

Fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pili is a special type of what?

A

Fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Compare length between pili vs. flagella and fimbriae

A

Pili is longer then fimbriae but shorter than flagella.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bacteria typically have one or two of these organelles per cell.

A

Pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of special function do pilli have in relation to DNA?

A

Transfer DNA from one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To Provide structure and shape and protect from osmotic forces. Assist some cells in attaching to other cells or in resisting antimicrobial drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two basic types of bacterial cell walls scientists describe?

A

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Compare the layer of peptidoglycan in gram neg v gram pos bacteria.

A

Gram neg: Only a thin layer of peptidoglycan Gram pos: relatively thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Compare the components of Gram neg v Gram positive bacteria.

A

Gram negative: Bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Gram positive: contain unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name and label the cell below gloing clockwise starting with the purple box.

A
  1. Inclusions
  2. Flagellum
  3. Cytoplasmic Membrane
  4. Glycocalyx
  5. Nucleoid
  6. Cytoplasm
  7. Ribosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What color does Gram neg v Gram pos stain?

A

Gram positive: Appears pruple

Gram negative: Appears pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What may the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane also be referred to as?

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The structure of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is referred to as what?

A

A phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the bacterial cystoplasmic membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids and associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name the associated proteins that the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of.

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The phospholipid molecules that compose the phospholipid bilayer in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane are considered to be what?

A

Bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the bipolar nature of the phospholipid molecule located in the phospholipid bilayer of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

A

The phosphate containing heads of eache phospholipid molecule are hydrophilic, while the tails are hydrophobic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What model describes our current understanding of the membrane structure?

A

Fluid Mosaic model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the function of the Cytoplasmic bacterial Membrane. (hint, 6)

A
  • Energy storage
  • Harvest light energy in photosynthetic bacteria
  • Selectively permeable
  • Naturally impermeable to most substances
  • Proteins allow substances to cross membrane
  • Maintain concentration and electrical gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The difference in concentration of a chemical on the two sides of a membrane is called what?

A

Its concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

A greater concentration of what charged proteins exist inside the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane? Exist outside?

A

Inside: Negatively charged proteins

Oustide: positively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Researcher have developed a special staining procedure called the_________to stain Gram ________ cells. What is another name for these types of cells?

A

Acid fast stain, positive, acid-fast bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Mycolic acid helps cells with Gram-______cells survive what? What is Mycolic acid?

A

Positive

dessication

A waxy lipid

44
Q

The net movement of a chemical down its concentration gradient-from higher to lower area of concentration is what type of passive process?

A

Diffusion

45
Q

The electrochemical gradient provides the source of energy in what type of processes across the bactrial cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Passive

46
Q

Which passive process in the bacterial cell membrane cause integral proteins to facilitate certain molecules to diffuse down their concentration gradients into or out of the cell by providing a pathway for diffusion?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

47
Q

What is the name of the passive process given to the diffusion of water across a superimpermeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

48
Q

What is a semipermeable membrane?

A

A membrane that is permeable to water molecules but not to most solutes present (such as proteins, salts, glucose, or amino acids).

49
Q

What is the function of active transport?

A

ATP dependent carrier proteins bring substances into a cell (i.e. Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+, Cl-)

50
Q

Name the types of active processes

A

Active Transport, Group translocation

51
Q

The active transport proteins in active transport process are referred to as what? Why?

A

Gated channels or ports

Because they are controlled

52
Q

What happens during Group Translocation? Does this Active process happen in all bacteria?

A

The substance being actively transported across the membrane is chemically changed during transport.

No.

53
Q

Which active process are uniports, antiports, and symports involved in in the bacterial crytoplasmic membrane? Explain the difference between the three.

A

Active transport

Uniport-When onw substance is trasnported at a time.

Antiport- Simultaenously transport two chemicals in oposite directions.

Symport-When two substances move together in the same direction aross the membrane by means of a single carrier protein.

54
Q

Name 3 components of the cytosol portion of the cytoplasm of bacteria

A
  • Liquid portion of cytoplasm
  • Mostly water
  • Contains cell’s DNA in region called the nucleoid
55
Q
A
56
Q

What does the inclusion function as in bacteria?

A

structure that may include reserve deposits of chemicals

57
Q

Name four functions of endospores

A
  • Unique structures produced by some bacteria
  • Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
  • Vegetative cells transform into endospores when mult nutrients are limited
  • Resistant to extreme conditions suck as heat, radiation, and chemicals
58
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? What are riposomes composed of?

A
  • Sites of protein synthesis
  • polypeptides and ribosomal RNA
59
Q

What roles does the cytoskeleton play in the cell? (hint, 4)

A

cell division, cell shape, segregate DNA molecules, Move through the environment

60
Q

Name the external structures of the flagella (hint, 4 )

A
  • Glycocalyces
  • Flagella
  • Fimbriae and hami
61
Q

Which external strtucture in archae functions in the formation of biofilms?

A

Glycocalyces

62
Q

What are some differences between archaec flagella and bacterial flagella?**

A
63
Q

What is the function of hami?

A

To attach arachaea to surfaces

64
Q
A
65
Q

Do Arachea cell walls contain peptidoglycan?

A

No

66
Q

What makes up archaea?

A

specialized polysaccharides and proteins

67
Q

How is the archaeal cytoplasm different from the bacterial cytoplasm?

A
  • Different ribosomal proteins
  • Different metabolic enzymes to make RNA
  • Gentic code more similar to eukaryotes
68
Q

Compare how the archeal cytoplasm is similar to the bacterial cytoplasm.

A
  • 70S ribosomes
  • fibrous cytoskeleton
  • circular DNA
69
Q

Compare pili in archaea v bacteria

A
  • archaea: none discovered
  • bacteria:present in somem proteinaceous, used in bacterial exchange of DNA.
70
Q

Compare the cytoplasmic membrane in archaea v bacteria

A

Archaea: membrane lipids made with ether linkages, some have single lipid layer.

Bacteria: phospholipid bilayer

71
Q

Describe the functions of the structure Glycocalyces in Eukaryotes

A

Not as organized as prokaryotic capsules
Help anchor animal cells to each other
Stengthen cell surface
Provide protection against dehydration
Function in cell-to-cell recognition and communication

72
Q

Which Eukaryotes have cell walls?

A

Fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa have cell walls.

73
Q

What are fungal cell walls composed of?

A

cellulose, chitin, and/or glucomannan

74
Q

What are algae cell walls composed of?

A

polysaccharides

75
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Yes

76
Q

What are the active transport processes found only in eukaryotes?

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

77
Q

What happens during Endocytosis? What two processes occur within endocytosis?

A

Substances are surrounded by pseudopods and brought into the cell.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

78
Q

What is the difference between phagoctosis and pinocytosis in endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis involved solid substances.

Pinocytosis involves liquids.

79
Q

Which active transport process in eukaryotes can be described as when vesicles containing substances are fused with cytoplasmic membrane, their contents to the outside?

A

Exocytosis

80
Q

Describe the characteristics of the structure and arrangement of flagella in Eukaryotes (hint, 4)

A
  • Within the cytoplasmic membrane
  • Shaft composed of tubulin arranged to form microtubules
  • Filaments anchored to cell by basal body; no hook
  • May be single or multiple; generally found at one pole of cell
81
Q
A
82
Q

What is the function of flagella in Eukaryotes?

A

Do not rotate but undulate rhythmically

83
Q
A
84
Q

Describe the characteristics of cilia (hint, 3)

A
  • Shorter and more numerous than flagella
  • Coordinated beating of cilia propels cells trhough environment
  • Also used to move substances past the surface of the cell.
85
Q

What role do centrioles play?

A

Play a role in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cilia.

86
Q

What role does the centrosome play in eukaryotes?

A

The centrosome is the region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found.

87
Q

Name some characteristics of the nucleus (hint, 5)

A
  • Often largest organelle in cell
  • Contains most of the cell’s DNA
  • Semiliquid portion called nucleoplasm (contains chromatin)
  • RNA synthesized in nucleoli presnt in nucleoplasm
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope (contains nuclear pores)
88
Q

What are the nonmembranous organelles of eukaryotes?

A

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome

89
Q

What are the membranous organelles of eukaryotes? (hint, 8)

A
  • Nucleaus
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi bodies
  • Lyosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Vesicles
  • mitochondria
  • Cholorplasts
90
Q

Which membranous organelle of Eukaryotes is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and structured in a netlike arrangment of flattened hollow tubules?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
91
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum functions as a ____ system and is found in what two foms?

A
  • Transport
  • Smoothe endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
92
Q

What role does smoothe endoplasmic reitculum play?

A

Plays a role in Lipid synthesis as well as transport.

93
Q

Why is the rough endoplsmic reticulum rough?

A

Because ribosomes adhere to its outer surface

94
Q

Name the characteristics of the Golgi body. (hint, 2)

A
  • Receives, processes, and packages, large molecules for export from cell.
  • Packages molecules in secretory vesicles that fuse with the cytoplasmic membrane.
95
Q

What is the structure/composition of the Golgi body?

A

Composed of flattened hollow sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayer

96
Q

Is the golgi body present in all eukaryotic cells?

A

No

97
Q

What is the function of lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicles?

A

To store and transfer chemicals within eukaryotic cells

98
Q

Lyosomes contain what kind of enzymes? What do these enzymes do?

A

Catabolic

Damage the cell if they are released from their packaging into the cytosol.

99
Q

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that do what?

A

Degrade poisonous wastes

100
Q

Name some characteristics of Mitochondria (hint, 3)

A
  • Have two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
  • Produce most of cell’s ATP
  • Interior matrix contains 70S ribosomes and circular molecule of DNA
101
Q
A
102
Q

What are light harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes?

A

Choloroplasts

103
Q

Choloroplasts use ____ energy to produce ________ and form __________from carbon dioxide.

A

Light

ATP

sugar

104
Q

What kind of ribosomes do choloplasts have?

A

70S

105
Q

What does the Endosymbiotic Theory suggest?

A

Eukaryotes formed from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes.

106
Q

What is the composition/structure of chloroplasts?

A

Have two phospholipid bilayer membranes and DNA.

Microbiology Lecture (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions