Chapter 4- Learning Flashcards
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
Unconditioned stimulus or UCS
Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Classical conditioning
An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response or UCR
Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus or CS
Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response or CR
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original condition stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus generalization
The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning or the removal of a reinforcer in operant conditioning
Extinction
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Spontaneous recovery
Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
Conditioned emotional response or CER
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Vicarious conditioning
Development of a nausea or a aversion response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
Conditioned taste aversion
Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
Biological preparedness
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the condition stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
Stimulus substitution
Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
Cognitive perspective
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Operant conditioning
Law stating that if an action is followed by pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
Law of effect