Chapter 4- Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

A

Unconditioned stimulus or UCS

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1
Q

Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned response or UCR

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3
Q

Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

A

Neutral stimulus

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4
Q

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned stimulus or CS

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5
Q

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned response or CR

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6
Q

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original condition stimulus with the conditioned response

A

Stimulus generalization

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7
Q

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus discrimination

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8
Q

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning or the removal of a reinforcer in operant conditioning

A

Extinction

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9
Q

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

A

Spontaneous recovery

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10
Q

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

A

Higher order conditioning

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11
Q

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

A

Conditioned emotional response or CER

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12
Q

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

A

Vicarious conditioning

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13
Q

Development of a nausea or a aversion response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

A

Conditioned taste aversion

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14
Q

Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

A

Biological preparedness

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15
Q

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the condition stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

A

Stimulus substitution

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16
Q

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

A

Cognitive perspective

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17
Q

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

A

Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Law stating that if an action is followed by pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

A

Law of effect

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19
Q

Any behavior that is voluntary

A

Operant

20
Q

Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

A

Reinforcement

21
Q

Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

A

Reinforcers

22
Q

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

A

Primary reinforcer

23
Q

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

A

Secondary reinforcer

24
Q

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement

25
Q

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

26
Q

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

A

Partial reinforcement effect

27
Q

The reinforcement of each and every correct response

A

Continuous reinforcement

28
Q

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

A

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

29
Q

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

A

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

30
Q

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

A

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

31
Q

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

A

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

32
Q

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

A

Punishment

33
Q

The punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus

A

Punishment by application

34
Q

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

A

Punishment by removal

35
Q

Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, and provides the organism with the cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

A

Discriminative stimulus

36
Q

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

A

Shaping

37
Q

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

A

Successive approximations

38
Q

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

A

Instinctive drift

39
Q

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

A

Behavior modification

40
Q

Type of behavior modification and which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

A

Token economy

41
Q

Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

A

Applied behavior analysis

42
Q

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

A

Biofeedback

43
Q

Form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

A

Neuro feedback

44
Q

The tendency to fail to act to escape from the situation because of the history of repeated failures in the past

A

Learned helplessness

45
Q

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

A

Observational learning

46
Q

Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

A

Learning/performance distinction

47
Q

The four elements of observational learning

A

A M I M attention, memory, imitation, motivation