Chapter 4- Learning

Question 0

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Answer 0

Unconditioned stimulus or UCS

Question 1

Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

Unconditioned response or UCR

Question 3

Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Answer 3

Neutral stimulus

Question 4

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

Conditioned stimulus or CS

Question 5

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Conditioned response or CR

Question 6

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original condition stimulus with the conditioned response

Answer 6

Stimulus generalization

Question 7

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Stimulus discrimination

Question 8

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning or the removal of a reinforcer in operant conditioning

Answer 8

Extinction

Question 9

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Answer 9

Spontaneous recovery

Question 10

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

Higher order conditioning

Question 11

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Answer 11

Conditioned emotional response or CER

Question 12

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Answer 12

Vicarious conditioning

Question 13

Development of a nausea or a aversion response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Answer 13

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 14

Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Answer 14

Biological preparedness

Question 15

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the condition stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Answer 15

Stimulus substitution

Question 16

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

Cognitive perspective

Question 17

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Answer 17

Operant conditioning

Question 18

Law stating that if an action is followed by pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 18

Law of effect

Question 19

Any behavior that is voluntary

Answer 19

Operant

Question 20

Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Answer 21

Reinforcers

Question 22

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Answer 22

Primary reinforcer

Question 23

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Answer 23

Secondary reinforcer

Question 24

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 24

Positive reinforcement

Question 25

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 25

Negative reinforcement

Question 26

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Answer 26

Partial reinforcement effect

Question 27

The reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 27

Continuous reinforcement

Question 28

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Answer 28

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 29

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Answer 29

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 30

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Answer 30

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 31

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Answer 31

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 32

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Answer 32

Punishment

Question 33

The punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 33

Punishment by application

Question 34

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 34

Punishment by removal

Question 35

Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, and provides the organism with the cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 35

Discriminative stimulus

Question 36

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Answer 36

Shaping

Question 37

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

Answer 37

Successive approximations

Question 38

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 38

Instinctive drift

Question 39

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Answer 39

Behavior modification

Question 40

Type of behavior modification and which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Answer 40

Token economy

Question 41

Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Answer 41

Applied behavior analysis

Question 42

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Answer 42

Biofeedback

Question 43

Form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Answer 43

Neuro feedback

Question 44

The tendency to fail to act to escape from the situation because of the history of repeated failures in the past

Answer 44

Learned helplessness

Question 45

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Answer 45

Observational learning

Question 46

Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Answer 46

Learning/performance distinction

Question 47

The four elements of observational learning

Answer 47

A M I M attention, memory, imitation, motivation