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Psychology > Ch 5- Memory > Flashcards

Ch 5- Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brains storage systems

A

Encoding

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1
Q

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organized it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

A

Memory

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2
Q

Holding onto information for some period of time

A

Storage

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3
Q

Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

A

Information-processing model

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5
Q

A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

A

Parallel distributed processing (pdp) model

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6
Q

Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to it’s meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiency and for a longer period of time

A

Levels-of-processing model

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7
Q

The very first stage of memory; the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

A

Sensory memory

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8
Q

Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

A

Iconic memory

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9
Q

The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

A

Eidetic imagery

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10
Q

The brief memory of something a person has just heard

A

Echoic memory

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11
Q

The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

A

Short-term memory (STM)

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12
Q

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

A

Selective attention

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13
Q

An active system that processes the information in short-term memory

A

Working memory

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14
Q

Practice of saying information to be remembered over and over in ones head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

A

Maintenance rehearsal

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15
Q

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

A

Long-term memory (LTM)

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16
Q

A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

A

Elaborative rehearsal

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17
Q

Type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

A

Procedural (nondeclarative) memory

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18
Q

Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

19
Q

Memory that is not easily bright into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory

A

Implicit memory

20
Q

Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known

A

Declarative memory

21
Q

Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events

A

Episodic memory

22
Q

Memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory.

A

Explicit memory

23
Q

Model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

A

Semantic network model

24
Q

A stimulus for remembering

A

Retrieval cue

25
Q

The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

A

Encoding specificity

26
Q

Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues

A

Recall

27
Q

The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

A

Recognition

28
Q

Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

A

Serial position effect

29
Q

Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

A

Primacy effect

30
Q

Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it

A

Recency effect

31
Q

Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory

A

False positive

32
Q

Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effort full encoding.

A

Automatic encoding

33
Q

Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

A

Flashbulb memories

34
Q

Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

A

Constructive processing

35
Q

The tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

A

Hindsight bias

36
Q

The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

A

Misinformation effect

37
Q

A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually

A

Curve of forgetting

38
Q

Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods

A

Distributed practice

39
Q

Failure to process information into memory

A

Encoding failure

40
Q

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed

A

Memory trace

41
Q

Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used

A

Decay

42
Q

Another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear

A

Disuse

43
Q

Memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information

A

Proactive interference

44
Q

Memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information

A

Retroactive interference

45
Q

The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

A

Consolidation

46
Q

Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

A

Retrograde amnesia

Psychology (5 decks)

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