Ch 5- Memory

Question 0

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brains storage systems

Answer 0

Encoding

Question 1

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organized it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Holding onto information for some period of time

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

Answer 4

Information-processing model

Question 5

A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

Answer 5

Parallel distributed processing (pdp) model

Question 6

Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to it’s meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiency and for a longer period of time

Answer 6

Levels-of-processing model

Question 7

The very first stage of memory; the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

Answer 7

Sensory memory

Question 8

Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

Answer 8

Iconic memory

Question 9

The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

Answer 9

Eidetic imagery

Question 10

The brief memory of something a person has just heard

Answer 10

Echoic memory

Question 11

The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

Answer 11

Short-term memory (STM)

Question 12

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Answer 12

Selective attention

Question 13

An active system that processes the information in short-term memory

Answer 13

Working memory

Question 14

Practice of saying information to be remembered over and over in ones head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Answer 14

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 15

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

Answer 15

Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 16

A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

Answer 16

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 17

Type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

Answer 17

Procedural (nondeclarative) memory

Question 18

Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories

Answer 18

Anterograde amnesia

Question 19

Memory that is not easily bright into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory

Answer 19

Implicit memory

Question 20

Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known

Answer 20

Declarative memory

Question 21

Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events

Answer 21

Episodic memory

Question 22

Memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory.

Answer 22

Explicit memory

Question 23

Model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

Answer 23

Semantic network model

Question 24

A stimulus for remembering

Answer 24

Retrieval cue

Question 25

The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

Answer 25

Encoding specificity

Question 26

Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues

Answer 26

Recall

Question 27

The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

Answer 27

Recognition

Question 28

Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

Answer 28

Serial position effect

Question 29

Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

Answer 29

Primacy effect

Question 30

Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it

Answer 30

Recency effect

Question 31

Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory

Answer 31

False positive

Question 32

Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effort full encoding.

Answer 32

Automatic encoding

Question 33

Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

Answer 33

Flashbulb memories

Question 34

Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

Answer 34

Constructive processing

Question 35

The tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

Answer 35

Hindsight bias

Question 36

The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

Answer 36

Misinformation effect

Question 37

A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually

Answer 37

Curve of forgetting

Question 38

Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods

Answer 38

Distributed practice

Question 39

Failure to process information into memory

Answer 39

Encoding failure

Question 40

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed

Answer 40

Memory trace

Question 41

Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used

Answer 41

Decay

Question 42

Another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear

Answer 42

Disuse

Question 43

Memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information

Answer 43

Proactive interference

Question 44

Memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information

Answer 44

Retroactive interference

Question 45

The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

Answer 45

Consolidation

Question 46

Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

Answer 46

Retrograde amnesia