Chapter 4: Learning

Question 1

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Answer 1

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Question 2

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Answer 2

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Question 3

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Answer 3

emotion can be a conditioned response

Question 4

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

Answer 4

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Question 5

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

Answer 5

John B. Watson

Question 6

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Answer 6

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Question 7

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Answer 7

classical conditioning

Question 8

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

Answer 8

unconditioned response

Question 9

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Answer 9

punishment

Question 10

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?

Answer 10

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

Answer 11

associational

Question 12

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiment.

Answer 12

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Question 13

Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.

Answer 13

negative reinforcement

Question 14

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Answer 14

observational

Question 15

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Answer 15

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Question 16

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

Answer 16

classical

Question 17

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

Answer 17

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Question 18

The very first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Answer 18

Ivan Pavlov

Question 19

Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, the tone was a(n)

Answer 19

neutral stimulus

Question 20

A Skinner Box is a(n)

Answer 20

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward