Chapter 4 Key Terms Flashcards
The combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvate acid and coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)
Acetyl CoA
The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur
Activation energy
A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Active site
The mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site (not the active site) and initiates a confirmation change in the active site, preventing binding within the substrate
Allosteric inhibition
The pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
Anabolic
The use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport based chemosis
Anaerobic cellular respiration
The cells energy currency
ATP (adenosine triphosphate
A membrane embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it
ATP synthase
The concept of energy flow through living systems
Bio energetics
The pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction
Catabolic
The movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP
Chemiosmosis
A series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that harvest the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP
Citric acid cycle
True or false: The citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen and later reactions to proceed
True
A general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzyme substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent the substrate itself from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme
Competitive inhibition
A series of four large, multiprotein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvest energy from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane
Electron transport chain (ETC)
A chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than the reactants
Endergonic
A molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction
Enzyme
A chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants, plus the release of free energy
Exergonic
A mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a reaction or the final product of a series of sequential reactions inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series
Feedback inhibition
The steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate NAD+. This occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor
Fermentation
The process of breaking glucose into two 3-carbon molecules with a production of ATP and NADH
Glycolysis
The energy transferred from one system to another that is not work
Heat energy
The type of energy associated with objects in motion
Kinetic energy
All the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that release energy
Metabolism
A general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site from binding the substrate; thus, the inhibitor molecule does not compete with the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibition
The production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules (looks like a rotor)
Oxidative phosphorylization
The production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules (looks like a rotor)
Oxidative phosphorylization
An enzymatic reaction directly transfers phosphate group to ADP to make ATP; occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle
Substrate level phosphorylation
The type of energy that refers to the potential to do work
Potential energy
A molecule on which the enzyme acts
Substrate
The science of the relationships between heat, energy and work
Thermodynamics
Cyanide inhibits cytochrome C oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease?
Increase
What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis?
Decrease or stop
Heating up a dinner microwave, solar panels at work are examples of
Energy transformation
Usually made of amino acids, lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, each one is specific to the particular substrates to which it binds
Enzymes
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of_______and used short-term to perform work from an ______molecule.
Glucose: ATP
The Energy currency used by cells
ATP
The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of?
Pyruvate
This is an organic molecule; three carbon atom & an important role in synthesis; a breakdown of pathways
Pyruvate glucose
What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?
They go to another pathway for ATP production
The movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
Chemiosmosis
This fermentation method can occur in animal skeletal muscles
Lactic acid fermentation
The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolic pathway as a starting point?
Acetyl CoA
The breakdown of fatty acids
Beta oxidation
