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Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 > Chapter 4 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Key Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvate acid and coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)

A

Acetyl CoA

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2
Q

The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur

A

Activation energy

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3
Q

A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

A

Active site

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4
Q

The mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site (not the active site) and initiates a confirmation change in the active site, preventing binding within the substrate

A

Allosteric inhibition

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5
Q

The pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolic

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6
Q

The use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport based chemosis

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration

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7
Q

The cells energy currency

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate

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8
Q

A membrane embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it

A

ATP synthase

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9
Q

The concept of energy flow through living systems

A

Bio energetics

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10
Q

The pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction

A

Catabolic

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11
Q

The movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

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12
Q

A series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that harvest the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP

A

Citric acid cycle

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13
Q

True or false: The citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen and later reactions to proceed

A

True

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14
Q

A general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzyme substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent the substrate itself from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme

A

Competitive inhibition

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15
Q

A series of four large, multiprotein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvest energy from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane

A

Electron transport chain (ETC)

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16
Q

A chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than the reactants

A

Endergonic

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17
Q

A molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction

A

Enzyme

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18
Q

A chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants, plus the release of free energy

A

Exergonic

19
Q

A mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a reaction or the final product of a series of sequential reactions inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series

A

Feedback inhibition

20
Q

The steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate NAD+. This occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor

A

Fermentation

21
Q

The process of breaking glucose into two 3-carbon molecules with a production of ATP and NADH

A

Glycolysis

22
Q

The energy transferred from one system to another that is not work

A

Heat energy

23
Q

The type of energy associated with objects in motion

A

Kinetic energy

24
Q

All the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that release energy

A

Metabolism

25
Q

A general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site from binding the substrate; thus, the inhibitor molecule does not compete with the substrate for the active site

A

Non-competitive inhibition

26
Q

The production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules (looks like a rotor)

A

Oxidative phosphorylization

27
Q

The production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules (looks like a rotor)

A

Oxidative phosphorylization

28
Q

An enzymatic reaction directly transfers phosphate group to ADP to make ATP; occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

29
Q

The type of energy that refers to the potential to do work

A

Potential energy

30
Q

A molecule on which the enzyme acts

A

Substrate

31
Q

The science of the relationships between heat, energy and work

A

Thermodynamics

32
Q

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome C oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease?

A

Increase

33
Q

What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis?

A

Decrease or stop

34
Q

Heating up a dinner microwave, solar panels at work are examples of

A

Energy transformation

35
Q

Usually made of amino acids, lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, each one is specific to the particular substrates to which it binds

A

Enzymes

36
Q

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of_______and used short-term to perform work from an ______molecule.

A

Glucose: ATP

37
Q

The Energy currency used by cells

A

ATP

38
Q

The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of?

A

Pyruvate

39
Q

This is an organic molecule; three carbon atom & an important role in synthesis; a breakdown of pathways

A

Pyruvate glucose

40
Q

What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?

A

They go to another pathway for ATP production

41
Q

The movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane

A

Chemiosmosis

42
Q

This fermentation method can occur in animal skeletal muscles

A

Lactic acid fermentation

43
Q

The cholesterol synthesized by cells uses which component of the glycolic pathway as a starting point?

A

Acetyl CoA

44
Q

The breakdown of fatty acids

A

Beta oxidation

Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 (7 decks)

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