Chapter 4: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Series of redox reactions; produces ATP- The primary energy currency of cells
A
Cellular respiration
2
Q
What is reduction
A
Gain of an electron (GER)
3
Q
What is oxidation
A
Loss of electron (LEO)
4
Q
True or false: mitochondria is a two membrane system
A
True
5
Q
Space inside inner membrane; where citric acid cycle occurs
A
Matrix
6
Q
A fold in inner membrane; gives the mitochondria it’s wrinkled shape; provides increased surface area for chemical reactions
A
Cristae
7
Q
Between inner and outer membrane; where all the h+ accumulate
A
Intermembrane space
8
Q
Two main electron carriers in aerobic cellular respiration
A
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)
9
Q
How many ATP are created through the process of aerobic cellular respiration from one molecule of glucose?
A
36 ATP molecules
10
Q
True or false: ATP is generated through glycolysis
A
True
11
Q
Two mechanisms for ATP synthesis
A
Substrate level phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation
12
Q
True or false: There are three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration
A
True
13
Q
The three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration
A
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
14
Q
Occurs in cytoplasm; ATP is generated here and this is the link reaction/conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa
A
Glycolysis
15
Q
This occurs in the mitochondria matrix; citric acid cycle
A
The Krebs cycle
16
Q
This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxidative phosphorylation
A
Electron transport chain
17
Q
Why is pyruvate oxidation necessary?
A
It acts as the crucial link between glycolysis and the kreb cycle in cellular respiration
18
Q
Molecule/Central role in cell metabolism and energy production; metabolic intermediate, second messenger, signaling molecule, protein acetylation, fatty acid isoprenoid biosynthesis, and produced in mitochondria from glucose, lipid and amino acid catabolism
A
Acetyl CoA
19
Q
A series of 4 protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP and oxidative phosphorylation
A
Electron transport chain
20
Q
The FINAL electron acceptor of aerobic cellular respiration
A
Oxygen
21
Q
The process where ions move across a semi-perminal membrane down their concentration gradient
A
Chemiosmosis
22
Q
The enzyme responsible for Chemiosmosis
A
ATP synthase
23
Q
Through the activity of specific enzymes and key stops in the metabolic pathway
A
How aerobic cellular respiration is regulated
24
Q
Two forms of fermentation
A
Ethanol (yeast, wine, beer) and Lactic Acid (muscle/animal cells)
25
True or false: electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid (kimchi, pickles, cheese)
True
26
This uses oxygen to completely break down glucose; producing a large amount of ATP
Aerobic respiration
27
This occurs without oxygen; breaks down glucose partially and produces significantly less ATP
Anaerobic and Fermentation
28
If fat's have more calories per gram, why is glucose a preferred substrate for aerobic cellular respiration?
It can be readily broken down and utilize by the body much faster
29
Breaks down; hydrolysis; decomposition
Catabolic
30
Builds up; dehydration; synthesis
Anabolic
31
True or false: Cells store and retrieve energy by making and breaking chemical bonds in the metabolic reactions
True
32
Energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction
Activation energy
33
High energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between substrate and product)
Transition state
34
True or false: Enzymes function to reduce activation energy
True
35
Cannot violate laws of thermodynamics
Catalysts (enzymes)
36
Cannot make an endergonic reaction spontaneous by adding an enzyme
Catalysts
37
Does not alter the proportion of reactant turned into product
Catalysts
38
Shape of enzyme stabilizes a temporary association between substrates
Enzymes (proteins)
39
CO2 + H2O >< H2CO3
Carbonic Anhydrase
40
Co2 + H2O
Carbon dioxide and water
41
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
42
True or false: enzymes particular substrates bind at its active sites
True
43
When conditions aren't met, hydrogen bonds break and the enzyme changes shape and stops working
Denaturation
44
How does an enzyme denature
By unfolding and becoming non-functional
45
The main purpose of first 3 stages of Cellular Respiration
NAD+ & NADH
46
True or false: a hydrogen ion (H+) that is neutral, has 1 proton and 1 electron. If that electron is lost what is left is called a proton/hydrogen ion
True
47
With regard to aerobic cellular respiration, The complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in 4 stages:
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
48
Requires oxygen In addition of the phosphate group
Oxidative phosphorylation
49
Two parts of oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
50
Functions to create a gradient of protons for hydrogen ions
Electron transport chain
51
Uses an enzyme called ATP synthase to use that proton gradient to phosphorolize ADP into ATP
Chemiosmosis
52
Formula for aerobic cellular respiration
C(6)H(12)O(6) (glucose) + (6)O2 >>>> (6)CO2 (carbon dioxide) + (6) H2O (water) + (36) ATP (energy)
53
True or false: glycolysis starts in the cytosol (outside the powerhouse of the cell/ mitochondria.
True
54
True or false: glycolysis is a series of 10 different steps or reactions
True
55
True or false: The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate
True
56
True or false: pyruvate cannot get into the mitochondria and cannot start the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
True
57
True or false: In order for the pyruvate to get into the mitochondria, it goes through a pyruvate oxidation
True
58
True or false: pyruvate oxidation is how we create the starting substrate for the Krebs cycle
True
59
True or false: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle create electron carriers that deliver high energy electrons to our electron transport chain
True
60
True or false: proteins (enzymes) are embedded in the inner folds along the Cristae/mitochondria
True
61
True or false: The majority of the ATP produced in the aerobic cellular respiration is produced by the ATP synthase
True
62
Where a cell directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy molecule (substrate) to ADP
Substrate level phosphorylation
63
How cells generate most of their energy by using oxygen to convert food into usable energy
Oxidative phosphorylation
64
Types of carriers used in cellular respiration
Soluble, membrane-bound molecules that move within the membrane
65
True or false: All electron carriers can be reversibly oxidized and reduced
True
66
True or false: some electron carriers carry just electrons, some electrons and protons (H+)
True
67
True or false: NAD+ acquires two electrons (e-) and a proton (H+) to become NADH
True
68
True or false: FAD acquires 2 protons (H+) and 2 electrons (e-) to become FADH2
True
69
True or false: In the first series of steps of aerobic cellular respiration, NADH & FADH2 Will be produced and will deliver high energy electrons that originally came from food, to the electron transport chain
True
70
True or false: NAD+ and FAD (oxidized state) when ready to accept or gain electrons they become NADH and FADH2
True
71
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose energy. What happens to that energy?
The energy they lose is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient which then drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase
72
What enzyme produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the flow of protons along their concentration gradient?
ATP synthase
73
Membrane-bound enzyme that harnesses energy from a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP by combining ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP synthase
74
Chemically adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule
Phosphorylation
75
Chemically removing a phosphate group
Dephosphorylation
76
Occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle
Substrate level phosphorylation
77
ATP synthase uses energy from a proton gradient to make ATP from ADP and Pi
Oxidative phosphorylation
78
Proton gradient created by the electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
79
How much ATP is produced when one molecule of glucose goes through all stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
36 ATP molecules: combining ATP produced during glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) and the electron transport chain with oxidative phosphorylation
80
Five examples of lactic acid fermentation
Yogurt, kimchi, pickles, sourdough bread, sauerkraut. Note: (muscles in humans)
81
Five examples of ethanol fermentation
Wine, beer, bread making (yeast), biofuel from corn, fruit juices to produce alcoholic beverages
82
Terms related to Catabolism
Decomposition, polymer>>monomers, hydrolysis, cools environment, exagonic, break down of carrot in compost
83
Terms related to Anabolism
Synthesis, monomers>>polymers, dehydration, warms environment, endergonic, growing a carrot in a garden
84
What ATP synthesis does
Chemiosmosis
85
Glycolysis (10 steps)
86
Converts 1 Glucose (C (6)H(12)O(6)) to 2 Pyruvate (C(3)H(4)O(3)
Glycolysis
87
Net production of 2 ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation
Glycolysis
88
2 NADH produced by the reduction of NAD+
Glycolysis
89
Pyruvate Oxidation
90
True or false: Pyruvate oxidation is how our pyruvate gets into the mitochondria; It creates coenzyme A (our starting substrate for citric acid cycle); recreates NADH (one for each pyruvate) = creating 2 for each glucose molecule molecule (The glucose is split into two pyruvate)
True
91
Occurs in The matrix of the mitochondria
Citric acid cycle
92
True or false: with regards to the citric acid cycle, for every two acetyl- CoA Entering (i.e. for each glucose), 6 NAD+ to 6 NADH reduced (per glucose molecule) & 2 FAD to 2 FADH2 reduced & 2 ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation
True
93
Glucose Yield
94
Series of men bearing bound proteins that serve as electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane
Electron transport chain (ETC)
95
True or false: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are delivered to the electron transport chain
True
96
True or false: The electron transport chain membrane-bound proteins also function as proton pumps
True
97
The Electrons (e-) carried when NAD+ is reduced to NADH and FAD is reduced to FADH2, are high energy electrons
Electron energy
98
True or false: reference steps of electron energy- electron from food moves from high energy, down the chain where energy is used to set up proton gradient for ATP production until it reaches low energy to Oxygen: 2 H+ & 1/2 O2= H2O (where we get our 6 H2O molecules and use 6 O2 molecules)
True
99
The ETC components are...
Protein complexes, electron carriers, proton pumps
100
Electron transport chain
101
Three steps to cellular respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), Electron transport chain & Chemiosmosis
102
True or false: ADP has two phosphates but if it obtains a third phosphate it becomes ATP
True
103
Protons can travel through membranes through this enzyme
ATP synthase
104
True or false: when oxygen combines with two hydrogens you get H2O
True
105
True or false: more net ATP molecules are produced in the ETC and chemosis than in glycolysis in the Krebs cycle
True
106
If no oxygen is a is available some cells have the ability to form a process known as
Fermentation
107
The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is
Oxygen
108
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy of the electron is used by....
To pump protons (H+) against their concentration gradient
109
True or false: when protons are pumped against their concentration gradient, this produces low energy electrons at the end of the ETC. (from The matrix, through the inner membrane space)
True
110
Accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space drives protons into the matrix via diffusion since the membrane is relatively impermeable to ions.
Chemiosmosis
111
True or false: since the membrane is relatively impermeable to ions, most protons must reenter the matrix through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses energy of the proton gradient to make ATP from ADP + Pi. This process is called Chemiosmosis
True
112
Enzyme that synthesizes ATP using a tiny rotary motor driven by the proton (H+) gradient
ATP synthase
113
True or false: theoretically you can get 30 ATP per one glucose for eukaryotes
True
114
True or false: At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts 2 electrons, it binds with 2 hydrogen ions (H+) and forms water H2O (ie, when you breathe on a mirror and mist forms)
True
115
The complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in the following stages anaerobic cellular respiration:
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorolation via electron transport chain and chemosis
116
Single-celled microorganism classified as members of the fungus Kingdom
Yeast
117
Fruit sugar
Fructose
118
Table sugar
Sucrose
119
Milk sugar
Lactose
120
Milk sugar
Lactose
121
Relating to, measuring or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity
Qualitative
122
Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality
Quantitative
123
An organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide or other chemicals
Producer s
124
An organism that eats food to consume energy
Consumer
125
Requiring free oxygen
Aerobic
126
Without or in the absence of free oxygen
Anaerobic
127
What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
To produce ATP. The primary energy currency of cells; A series of redox reactions
128
What are the two mechanisms for ATP synthesis?
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
129
When a cell directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from high energy molecule substrate to ADP
Substrate level phosphorylation
130
How cells generate most of their energy by using oxygen to convert food into usable energy
Oxidative phosphorylation
131
What role do NAD+ and FAD play?
They are coenzymes that act as electron carriers within cells, grabbing and transporting high energy electrons during cellular respiration; they equal an oxidized state when ready to accept or gain electrons and become NADH and FADH2 which equal reduced forms
132
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose energy. What happens to that energy?
The energy they lose is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient which then drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase
133
What enzyme produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), using the flow of protons along their concentration gradient?
ATP synthase
134
Membrane-bound enzyme that harnesses energy from a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP by combining ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP synthase
135
How much ATP is produced when one molecule of glucose goes through all stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
36
136
True or false: 36 ATP molecules= combining ATP produced during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain with oxidative phosphorylation
True
137
Stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: w/electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
138
Yogurt, kimchi, pickles, sourdough bread, cheese, sauerkraut and muscles are examples of what type of fermentation?
Lactic acid
139
Wine, beer, yeast, biofuel from corn, fruit juices to produce alcoholic beverages are what kind of fermentation?
Ethanol or alcohol fermentation
