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Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 > Chapter 4: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Series of redox reactions; produces ATP- The primary energy currency of cells

A

Cellular respiration

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2
Q

What is reduction

A

Gain of an electron (GER)

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3
Q

What is oxidation

A

Loss of electron (LEO)

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4
Q

True or false: mitochondria is a two membrane system

A

True

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5
Q

Space inside inner membrane; where citric acid cycle occurs

A

Matrix

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6
Q

A fold in inner membrane; gives the mitochondria it’s wrinkled shape; provides increased surface area for chemical reactions

A

Cristae

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7
Q

Between inner and outer membrane; where all the h+ accumulate

A

Intermembrane space

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8
Q

Two main electron carriers in aerobic cellular respiration

A

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)

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9
Q

How many ATP are created through the process of aerobic cellular respiration from one molecule of glucose?

A

36 ATP molecules

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10
Q

True or false: ATP is generated through glycolysis

A

True

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11
Q

Two mechanisms for ATP synthesis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

True or false: There are three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration

A

True

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13
Q

The three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

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14
Q

Occurs in cytoplasm; ATP is generated here and this is the link reaction/conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

This occurs in the mitochondria matrix; citric acid cycle

A

The Krebs cycle

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16
Q

This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain

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17
Q

Why is pyruvate oxidation necessary?

A

It acts as the crucial link between glycolysis and the kreb cycle in cellular respiration

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18
Q

Molecule/Central role in cell metabolism and energy production; metabolic intermediate, second messenger, signaling molecule, protein acetylation, fatty acid isoprenoid biosynthesis, and produced in mitochondria from glucose, lipid and amino acid catabolism

A

Acetyl CoA

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19
Q

A series of 4 protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain

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20
Q

The FINAL electron acceptor of aerobic cellular respiration

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

The process where ions move across a semi-perminal membrane down their concentration gradient

A

Chemiosmosis

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22
Q

The enzyme responsible for Chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthase

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23
Q

Through the activity of specific enzymes and key stops in the metabolic pathway

A

How aerobic cellular respiration is regulated

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24
Q

Two forms of fermentation

A

Ethanol (yeast, wine, beer) and Lactic Acid (muscle/animal cells)

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25
Q

True or false: electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid (kimchi, pickles, cheese)

A

True

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26
Q

This uses oxygen to completely break down glucose; producing a large amount of ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

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27
Q

This occurs without oxygen; breaks down glucose partially and produces significantly less ATP

A

Anaerobic and Fermentation

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28
Q

If fat’s have more calories per gram, why is glucose a preferred substrate for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

It can be readily broken down and utilize by the body much faster

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29
Q

Breaks down; hydrolysis; decomposition

A

Catabolic

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30
Q

Builds up; dehydration; synthesis

A

Anabolic

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31
Q

True or false: Cells store and retrieve energy by making and breaking chemical bonds in the metabolic reactions

A

True

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32
Q

Energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

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33
Q

High energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between substrate and product)

A

Transition state

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34
Q

True or false: Enzymes function to reduce activation energy

A

True

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35
Q

Cannot violate laws of thermodynamics

A

Catalysts (enzymes)

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36
Q

Cannot make an endergonic reaction spontaneous by adding an enzyme

A

Catalysts

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37
Q

Does not alter the proportion of reactant turned into product

A

Catalysts

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38
Q

Shape of enzyme stabilizes a temporary association between substrates

A

Enzymes (proteins)

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39
Q

CO2 + H2O >< H2CO3

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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40
Q

Co2 + H2O

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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41
Q

H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid

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42
Q

True or false: enzymes particular substrates bind at its active sites

A

True

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43
Q

When conditions aren’t met, hydrogen bonds break and the enzyme changes shape and stops working

A

Denaturation

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44
Q

How does an enzyme denature

A

By unfolding and becoming non-functional

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45
Q

The main purpose of first 3 stages of Cellular Respiration

A

NAD+ & NADH

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46
Q

True or false: a hydrogen ion (H+) that is neutral, has 1 proton and 1 electron. If that electron is lost what is left is called a proton/hydrogen ion

A

True

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47
Q

With regard to aerobic cellular respiration, The complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in 4 stages:

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

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48
Q

Requires oxygen In addition of the phosphate group

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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49
Q

Two parts of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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50
Q

Functions to create a gradient of protons for hydrogen ions

A

Electron transport chain

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51
Q

Uses an enzyme called ATP synthase to use that proton gradient to phosphorolize ADP into ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

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52
Q

Formula for aerobic cellular respiration

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) (glucose) + (6)O2&raquo_space;» (6)CO2 (carbon dioxide) + (6) H2O (water) + (36) ATP (energy)

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53
Q

True or false: glycolysis starts in the cytosol (outside the powerhouse of the cell/ mitochondria.

A

True

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54
Q

True or false: glycolysis is a series of 10 different steps or reactions

A

True

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55
Q

True or false: The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate

A

True

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56
Q

True or false: pyruvate cannot get into the mitochondria and cannot start the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)

57
Q

True or false: In order for the pyruvate to get into the mitochondria, it goes through a pyruvate oxidation

58
Q

True or false: pyruvate oxidation is how we create the starting substrate for the Krebs cycle

59
Q

True or false: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle create electron carriers that deliver high energy electrons to our electron transport chain

60
Q

True or false: proteins (enzymes) are embedded in the inner folds along the Cristae/mitochondria

61
Q

True or false: The majority of the ATP produced in the aerobic cellular respiration is produced by the ATP synthase

62
Q

Where a cell directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy molecule (substrate) to ADP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

63
Q

How cells generate most of their energy by using oxygen to convert food into usable energy

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

64
Q

Types of carriers used in cellular respiration

A

Soluble, membrane-bound molecules that move within the membrane

65
Q

True or false: All electron carriers can be reversibly oxidized and reduced

66
Q

True or false: some electron carriers carry just electrons, some electrons and protons (H+)

67
Q

True or false: NAD+ acquires two electrons (e-) and a proton (H+) to become NADH

68
Q

True or false: FAD acquires 2 protons (H+) and 2 electrons (e-) to become FADH2

69
Q

True or false: In the first series of steps of aerobic cellular respiration, NADH & FADH2 Will be produced and will deliver high energy electrons that originally came from food, to the electron transport chain

70
Q

True or false: NAD+ and FAD (oxidized state) when ready to accept or gain electrons they become NADH and FADH2

71
Q

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose energy. What happens to that energy?

A

The energy they lose is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient which then drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase

72
Q

What enzyme produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the flow of protons along their concentration gradient?

A

ATP synthase

73
Q

Membrane-bound enzyme that harnesses energy from a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP by combining ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

ATP synthase

74
Q

Chemically adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule

A

Phosphorylation

75
Q

Chemically removing a phosphate group

A

Dephosphorylation

76
Q

Occurs during glycolysis and citric acid cycle

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

77
Q

ATP synthase uses energy from a proton gradient to make ATP from ADP and Pi

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

78
Q

Proton gradient created by the electron transport chain

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

79
Q

How much ATP is produced when one molecule of glucose goes through all stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

36 ATP molecules: combining ATP produced during glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) and the electron transport chain with oxidative phosphorylation

80
Q

Five examples of lactic acid fermentation

A

Yogurt, kimchi, pickles, sourdough bread, sauerkraut. Note: (muscles in humans)

81
Q

Five examples of ethanol fermentation

A

Wine, beer, bread making (yeast), biofuel from corn, fruit juices to produce alcoholic beverages

82
Q

Terms related to Catabolism

A

Decomposition, polymer»monomers, hydrolysis, cools environment, exagonic, break down of carrot in compost

83
Q

Terms related to Anabolism

A

Synthesis, monomers»polymers, dehydration, warms environment, endergonic, growing a carrot in a garden

84
Q

What ATP synthesis does

A

Chemiosmosis

85
Q
A

Glycolysis (10 steps)

86
Q

Converts 1 Glucose (C (6)H(12)O(6)) to 2 Pyruvate (C(3)H(4)O(3)

A

Glycolysis

87
Q

Net production of 2 ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation

A

Glycolysis

88
Q

2 NADH produced by the reduction of NAD+

A

Glycolysis

89
Q
A

Pyruvate Oxidation

90
Q

True or false: Pyruvate oxidation is how our pyruvate gets into the mitochondria; It creates coenzyme A (our starting substrate for citric acid cycle); recreates NADH (one for each pyruvate) = creating 2 for each glucose molecule molecule (The glucose is split into two pyruvate)

91
Q

Occurs in The matrix of the mitochondria

A

Citric acid cycle

92
Q

True or false: with regards to the citric acid cycle, for every two acetyl- CoA Entering (i.e. for each glucose), 6 NAD+ to 6 NADH reduced (per glucose molecule) & 2 FAD to 2 FADH2 reduced & 2 ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation

93
Q
A

Glucose Yield

94
Q

Series of men bearing bound proteins that serve as electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane

A

Electron transport chain (ETC)

95
Q

True or false: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are delivered to the electron transport chain

96
Q

True or false: The electron transport chain membrane-bound proteins also function as proton pumps

97
Q

The Electrons (e-) carried when NAD+ is reduced to NADH and FAD is reduced to FADH2, are high energy electrons

A

Electron energy

98
Q

True or false: reference steps of electron energy- electron from food moves from high energy, down the chain where energy is used to set up proton gradient for ATP production until it reaches low energy to Oxygen: 2 H+ & 1/2 O2= H2O (where we get our 6 H2O molecules and use 6 O2 molecules)

99
Q

The ETC components are…

A

Protein complexes, electron carriers, proton pumps

100
Q
A

Electron transport chain

101
Q

Three steps to cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), Electron transport chain & Chemiosmosis

102
Q

True or false: ADP has two phosphates but if it obtains a third phosphate it becomes ATP

103
Q

Protons can travel through membranes through this enzyme

A

ATP synthase

104
Q

True or false: when oxygen combines with two hydrogens you get H2O

105
Q

True or false: more net ATP molecules are produced in the ETC and chemosis than in glycolysis in the Krebs cycle

106
Q

If no oxygen is a is available some cells have the ability to form a process known as

A

Fermentation

107
Q

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is

108
Q

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy of the electron is used by….

A

To pump protons (H+) against their concentration gradient

109
Q

True or false: when protons are pumped against their concentration gradient, this produces low energy electrons at the end of the ETC. (from The matrix, through the inner membrane space)

110
Q

Accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space drives protons into the matrix via diffusion since the membrane is relatively impermeable to ions.

A

Chemiosmosis

111
Q

True or false: since the membrane is relatively impermeable to ions, most protons must reenter the matrix through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses energy of the proton gradient to make ATP from ADP + Pi. This process is called Chemiosmosis

112
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP using a tiny rotary motor driven by the proton (H+) gradient

A

ATP synthase

113
Q

True or false: theoretically you can get 30 ATP per one glucose for eukaryotes

114
Q

True or false: At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts 2 electrons, it binds with 2 hydrogen ions (H+) and forms water H2O (ie, when you breathe on a mirror and mist forms)

115
Q

The complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in the following stages anaerobic cellular respiration:

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorolation via electron transport chain and chemosis

116
Q

Single-celled microorganism classified as members of the fungus Kingdom

117
Q

Fruit sugar

118
Q

Table sugar

119
Q

Milk sugar

120
Q

Milk sugar

121
Q

Relating to, measuring or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity

A

Qualitative

122
Q

Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality

A

Quantitative

123
Q

An organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide or other chemicals

A

Producer s

124
Q

An organism that eats food to consume energy

125
Q

Requiring free oxygen

126
Q

Without or in the absence of free oxygen

127
Q

What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To produce ATP. The primary energy currency of cells; A series of redox reactions

128
Q

What are the two mechanisms for ATP synthesis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

129
Q

When a cell directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from high energy molecule substrate to ADP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

130
Q

How cells generate most of their energy by using oxygen to convert food into usable energy

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

131
Q

What role do NAD+ and FAD play?

A

They are coenzymes that act as electron carriers within cells, grabbing and transporting high energy electrons during cellular respiration; they equal an oxidized state when ready to accept or gain electrons and become NADH and FADH2 which equal reduced forms

132
Q

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose energy. What happens to that energy?

A

The energy they lose is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient which then drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase

133
Q

What enzyme produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), using the flow of protons along their concentration gradient?

A

ATP synthase

134
Q

Membrane-bound enzyme that harnesses energy from a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP by combining ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

ATP synthase

135
Q

How much ATP is produced when one molecule of glucose goes through all stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

136
Q

True or false: 36 ATP molecules= combining ATP produced during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain with oxidative phosphorylation

137
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: w/electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

138
Q

Yogurt, kimchi, pickles, sourdough bread, cheese, sauerkraut and muscles are examples of what type of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid

139
Q

Wine, beer, yeast, biofuel from corn, fruit juices to produce alcoholic beverages are what kind of fermentation?

A

Ethanol or alcohol fermentation

Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 (7 decks)

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