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Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 > Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Cellular Metabolism/Energy

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2
Q

Two types of energy

A

Energy of position and energy of motion

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3
Q

Potential energy and stored energy is a form of….

A

Energy of position

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4
Q

Active energy and energy in motion is a form of…

A

Energy of motion

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5
Q

One form of potential energy (energy of position)

A

1) Chemical (CPE)

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6
Q

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances

A

Chemical energy

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7
Q

Energy released from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion

A

Nuclear energy

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8
Q

Five types of active energy (energy in motion)

A

Kinetic, light, heat, electrical, sound

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9
Q

Work needed to accelerate a body of mass

A

Kinetic energy

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10
Q

Energy traveling in light waves (I e, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays)

A

Light energy

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11
Q

Random motion of microscopic particles of matter

A

Heat energy

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12
Q

Bulk flow of charged particles

A

Electrical energy

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13
Q

Mechanical vibrations known as sound waves

A

Sound energy

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14
Q

ATP (chemical energy)

A

Chief “currency” in all cells as source of immediate energy

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15
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Ribose, adenine, chain of three phosphates

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16
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

Ribose

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17
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Adenine

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18
Q

Key to energy storage

A

Chain of three phosphates:
AMP, ADP, ATP

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19
Q

A nucleotide that plays a key role in many cellular processes, including energy metabolism, signaling, and RNA synthesis:

A

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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20
Q

A molecule crucial for energy transfer within living cells, essentially acting as a precursor to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) by accepting a phosphate group to store energy when needed; it consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups.

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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21
Q

A molecule considered the primary energy currency of cells, meaning it stores and provides readily usable energy for various biological processes within living organisms; essentially, it’s the “fuel” that cells use to function.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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22
Q

True or false: every ATP molecule cycles through an ATP cycle reaction (ATP>ADP + P) 5,000 times every 24 hours

A

True

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23
Q

True or false: ATP is not suitable for long-term energy storage

A

True

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24
Q

True or false: cells store only a few seconds worth of ATP

A

True

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25
True or false: fat's in carbohydrates are used for long-term
True
26
The ATP cycle:
ATP is enzymatically broken down to ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate). Then ADP + Pi is converted back to ATP
27
Starch ATP
Plants
28
Glycogen ATP
Animals
29
Organisms that make their own food from inorganic carbon sources such as CO2 and energy from the environment
Autotrophs (producers)
30
Examples of autotrophs
Plants, algae, many bacteria
31
Organisms that obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds assembled by other organisms
Heterotrophs (consumers)
32
Examples of heterotrophs
Animals, fungi, many bacteria
33
True or false: ultimately, most life forms get their energy from the Sun (heat)
True
34
True or false: plants use photosynthesis to capture sunlight to make (sugars) starch.
True
35
True or false: herbivores eat the plants for energy
True
36
True or false: carnivores eat the herbivores for energy
True
37
True or false: decomposition of plant and animal material contributes to the nutrient pool.
True
38
What life does not rely on the Sun?
Chemolithrophic or chemo autotrophic prokaryotes: (ie., microbes in Hot springs and deep sea organisms, extremophiles (food through chemical process).
39
First law of thermodynamics
Total amount of energy in the universe remains CONSTANT, energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only CHANGE FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, during conversion some energy is lost as HEAT. (Chemical>kinetic>heat)
40
Second law of thermodynamics
Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing, energy transformations proceeds spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form to a less ordered/more stable form, a spontaneous process is one that occurs without intervention
41
True or false: spontaneous disorder occurs without any intervention or energy (less ordered/more stable form)
True
42
True or false: order requires energy to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form
True
43
True or false: spontaneous does not mean instantaneous
True
44
Physical or chemical change that occurs by itself or without intervention from an outside source
Spontaneous process
45
Examples of spontaneous process:
An iron object will rust when left in moist air; heat from a hot object will flow to a cold object; a zorb at the top of a hill will roll down the hill
46
True or false: examples of spontaneous process will occur without requiring an outside force and continue until equilibrium is reached
True
47
This is comprised of catabolism and animalism
Metabolism
48
The process of breaking down
Catabolism
49
The process of building up
Anabolism
50
These reactions break down, hydrolysis, decomposition
Catabolic reactions
51
These reactions build up, dehydration, synthesis
Anabolic reactions
52
Catabolic reactions
Glycogen >< glucose, protein >
53
Anabolic reactions
Glucose>
54
True or false: all chemical reactions are either exergonic or endergonic
True
55
A net release of energy
Exodonic reactions
56
Give off heat
Exothermic
57
Net input of energy
Endergonic reactions
58
Absorbs heat
Endothermic
59
True or false: cell store and retrieve energy by making and breaking chemical bonds in metabolic reactions
True
60
What energy is required to start energy-releasing reactions...
Activation Energy
61
Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction
Activation Energy
62
Energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction
Activation Energy
63
Transition state- high energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product)
Activation Energy
64
True or false: Enzymes function by reducing activation energy of a chemical reaction.
True
65
Low energy reactants to High energy products=
Endergonic
66
Reactants stabilize, then peak, then drop to Products=
Exergonic
67
Substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that LOWERS activation energy
Catalysts (Enzyme)
68
Cannot violate laws of Thermodynamics
Catalysts
69
Cannot make an endergonic reaction spontaneous
Catalysts
70
Does not alter the proportion of reactants turned into product
Catalysts
71
True or false: Most enzymes are proteins (-ase)
True
72
True or false: Shape of enzyme stabilizes a temporary association between substates
True
73
True or false: enzymes are not changed or consumed in the reaction
True
74
- 200 molecules of carbonic acid per hour made without enzyme -600,000 molecules formed per second with enzyme
Carbonic Anhydrase
75
True or false: and enzymes particular substrates bind at its active sites
True
76
Molecules specifically acted upon by an enzyme
Substrate
77
Pocket (domain) in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs
Active Site
78
True or false: Enzymes are very substrate specific (fits like a lock & key)
True
79
True or false: During Enzymatic Reaction, the enzyme is not altered
True
80
Both enzyme & substrate undergo dynamic conformational changes upon binding to create an enzyme- substrate complex with the best fit.
Induced- Fit
81
Each enzyme works best within a characteristic range of:
Optimal temp , pH and salt concentration
82
When Optimal conditions are not met with an enzyme, hydrogen bonds break, the enzyme changes shape & stops working. This process is called?
Denaturation (the enzyme denatures).
83
Pigment production by the enzyme, Tyrosinase (temp sensitive)
Siamese cat; Micha- Seal Point (coloration of fur)
84
What type of reactions break down?
Catabolic reactions
85
What type of reactions release energy?
Exergonic reactions
86
What type of reactions build up?
Anabolic reactions
87
What type of reactions store energy?
Endergonic reactions
88
Net input of energy
Photosynthesis (dehydration)
89
Net release of energy
Combustion of fuel (hydrolysis)
90
True or false: Control over enzyme allows cells to conserve energy and resources by producing only what they require
True
91
True or false: during the control of enzyme activity homeostasis is maintained
True
92
4 mechanisms of enzyme control
Feedback inhibition, Competitive inhibition, Allosteric inhibition (non competitive), Allosteric activation
93
Mechanism that slows or stops reactions because of some other activity in the overall pathway
Feedback inhibition
94
Competes with substrate for active site; Bonds to active site without producing result
Competitive inhibitor
95
Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site; causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate
Allosteric (non-competitive) inhibitor
96
A region of an enzyme, other than the active site, that can bind regulatory molecules
Allosteric site
97
Binds to enzyme at a sight other than the active site; causes a mishappen active site to change to an effective active shape
Allosteric activator
98
Enzyme- mediated reactions, by which cells build; remodel or break down an organic molecules
Metabolic Pathways
99
Optimal conditions for an enzyme to function:
Under conditions similar to those found in the human body.
100
Process by which cells derive energy from glucose.
Cellular Respiration
101
Two mechanisms of ATP synthase
Substrate level phosphorization and oxidative phosphorylization

Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 (7 decks)

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