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Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 > Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Cellular Metabolism/Energy

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2
Q

Two types of energy

A

Energy of position and energy of motion

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3
Q

Potential energy and stored energy is a form of….

A

Energy of position

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4
Q

Active energy and energy in motion is a form of…

A

Energy of motion

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5
Q

One form of potential energy (energy of position)

A

1) Chemical (CPE)

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6
Q

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances

A

Chemical energy

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7
Q

Energy released from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion

A

Nuclear energy

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8
Q

Five types of active energy (energy in motion)

A

Kinetic, light, heat, electrical, sound

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9
Q

Work needed to accelerate a body of mass

A

Kinetic energy

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10
Q

Energy traveling in light waves (I e, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays)

A

Light energy

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11
Q

Random motion of microscopic particles of matter

A

Heat energy

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12
Q

Bulk flow of charged particles

A

Electrical energy

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13
Q

Mechanical vibrations known as sound waves

A

Sound energy

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14
Q

ATP (chemical energy)

A

Chief “currency” in all cells as source of immediate energy

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15
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Ribose, adenine, chain of three phosphates

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16
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

Ribose

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17
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Adenine

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18
Q

Key to energy storage

A

Chain of three phosphates:
AMP, ADP, ATP

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19
Q

A nucleotide that plays a key role in many cellular processes, including energy metabolism, signaling, and RNA synthesis:

A

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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20
Q

A molecule crucial for energy transfer within living cells, essentially acting as a precursor to ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) by accepting a phosphate group to store energy when needed; it consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups.

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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21
Q

A molecule considered the primary energy currency of cells, meaning it stores and provides readily usable energy for various biological processes within living organisms; essentially, it’s the “fuel” that cells use to function.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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22
Q

True or false: every ATP molecule cycles through an ATP cycle reaction (ATP>ADP + P) 5,000 times every 24 hours

A

True

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23
Q

True or false: ATP is not suitable for long-term energy storage

A

True

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24
Q

True or false: cells store only a few seconds worth of ATP

A

True

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25
Q

True or false: fat’s in carbohydrates are used for long-term

A

True

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26
Q

The ATP cycle:

A

ATP is enzymatically broken down to ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate). Then ADP + Pi is converted back to ATP

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27
Q

Starch ATP

A

Plants

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28
Q

Glycogen ATP

A

Animals

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29
Q

Organisms that make their own food from inorganic carbon sources such as CO2 and energy from the environment

A

Autotrophs (producers)

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30
Q

Examples of autotrophs

A

Plants, algae, many bacteria

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31
Q

Organisms that obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds assembled by other organisms

A

Heterotrophs (consumers)

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32
Q

Examples of heterotrophs

A

Animals, fungi, many bacteria

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33
Q

True or false: ultimately, most life forms get their energy from the Sun (heat)

A

True

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34
Q

True or false: plants use photosynthesis to capture sunlight to make (sugars) starch.

A

True

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35
Q

True or false: herbivores eat the plants for energy

A

True

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36
Q

True or false: carnivores eat the herbivores for energy

A

True

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37
Q

True or false: decomposition of plant and animal material contributes to the nutrient pool.

A

True

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38
Q

What life does not rely on the Sun?

A

Chemolithrophic or chemo autotrophic prokaryotes: (ie., microbes in Hot springs and deep sea organisms, extremophiles (food through chemical process).

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39
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Total amount of energy in the universe remains CONSTANT, energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only CHANGE FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, during conversion some energy is lost as HEAT. (Chemical>kinetic>heat)

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40
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing, energy transformations proceeds spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form to a less ordered/more stable form, a spontaneous process is one that occurs without intervention

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41
Q

True or false: spontaneous disorder occurs without any intervention or energy (less ordered/more stable form)

42
Q

True or false: order requires energy to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form

43
Q

True or false: spontaneous does not mean instantaneous

44
Q

Physical or chemical change that occurs by itself or without intervention from an outside source

A

Spontaneous process

45
Q

Examples of spontaneous process:

A

An iron object will rust when left in moist air; heat from a hot object will flow to a cold object; a zorb at the top of a hill will roll down the hill

46
Q

True or false: examples of spontaneous process will occur without requiring an outside force and continue until equilibrium is reached

47
Q

This is comprised of catabolism and animalism

A

Metabolism

48
Q

The process of breaking down

A

Catabolism

49
Q

The process of building up

50
Q

These reactions break down, hydrolysis, decomposition

A

Catabolic reactions

51
Q

These reactions build up, dehydration, synthesis

A

Anabolic reactions

52
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Glycogen >< glucose, protein ><amino acids, triglyceride><fatty acids, RNA><nucleotides

53
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Glucose><glycogen, amino acids- enzyme, fatty acids><phospholipid, nucleotides-DNA

54
Q

True or false: all chemical reactions are either exergonic or endergonic

55
Q

A net release of energy

A

Exodonic reactions

56
Q

Give off heat

A

Exothermic

57
Q

Net input of energy

A

Endergonic reactions

58
Q

Absorbs heat

A

Endothermic

59
Q

True or false: cell store and retrieve energy by making and breaking chemical bonds in metabolic reactions

60
Q

What energy is required to start energy-releasing reactions…

A

Activation Energy

61
Q

Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction

A

Activation Energy

62
Q

Energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction

A

Activation Energy

63
Q

Transition state- high energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product)

A

Activation Energy

64
Q

True or false: Enzymes function by reducing activation energy of a chemical reaction.

65
Q

Low energy reactants to High energy products=

A

Endergonic

66
Q

Reactants stabilize, then peak, then drop to Products=

67
Q

Substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that LOWERS activation energy

A

Catalysts (Enzyme)

68
Q

Cannot violate laws of Thermodynamics

69
Q

Cannot make an endergonic reaction spontaneous

70
Q

Does not alter the proportion of reactants turned into product

71
Q

True or false: Most enzymes are proteins (-ase)

72
Q

True or false: Shape of enzyme stabilizes a temporary association between substates

73
Q

True or false: enzymes are not changed or consumed in the reaction

74
Q
  • 200 molecules of carbonic acid per hour made without enzyme
    -600,000 molecules formed per second with enzyme
A

Carbonic Anhydrase

75
Q

True or false: and enzymes particular substrates bind at its active sites

76
Q

Molecules specifically acted upon by an enzyme

77
Q

Pocket (domain) in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs

A

Active Site

78
Q

True or false: Enzymes are very substrate specific (fits like a lock & key)

79
Q

True or false: During Enzymatic Reaction, the enzyme is not altered

80
Q

Both enzyme & substrate undergo dynamic conformational changes upon binding to create an enzyme- substrate complex with the best fit.

A

Induced- Fit

81
Q

Each enzyme works best within a characteristic range of:

A

Optimal temp , pH and salt concentration

82
Q

When Optimal conditions are not met with an enzyme, hydrogen bonds break, the enzyme changes shape & stops working. This process is called?

A

Denaturation (the enzyme denatures).

83
Q

Pigment production by the enzyme, Tyrosinase (temp sensitive)

A

Siamese cat; Micha- Seal Point (coloration of fur)

84
Q

What type of reactions break down?

A

Catabolic reactions

85
Q

What type of reactions release energy?

A

Exergonic reactions

86
Q

What type of reactions build up?

A

Anabolic reactions

87
Q

What type of reactions store energy?

A

Endergonic reactions

88
Q

Net input of energy

A

Photosynthesis (dehydration)

89
Q

Net release of energy

A

Combustion of fuel (hydrolysis)

90
Q

True or false: Control over enzyme allows cells to conserve energy and resources by producing only what they require

91
Q

True or false: during the control of enzyme activity homeostasis is maintained

92
Q

4 mechanisms of enzyme control

A

Feedback inhibition, Competitive inhibition, Allosteric inhibition (non competitive), Allosteric activation

93
Q

Mechanism that slows or stops reactions because of some other activity in the overall pathway

A

Feedback inhibition

94
Q

Competes with substrate for active site; Bonds to active site without producing result

A

Competitive inhibitor

95
Q

Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site; causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate

A

Allosteric (non-competitive) inhibitor

96
Q

A region of an enzyme, other than the active site, that can bind regulatory molecules

A

Allosteric site

97
Q

Binds to enzyme at a sight other than the active site; causes a mishappen active site to change to an effective active shape

A

Allosteric activator

98
Q

Enzyme- mediated reactions, by which cells build; remodel or break down an organic molecules

A

Metabolic Pathways

99
Q

Optimal conditions for an enzyme to function:

A

Under conditions similar to those found in the human body.

100
Q

Process by which cells derive energy from glucose.

A

Cellular Respiration

101
Q

Two mechanisms of ATP synthase

A

Substrate level phosphorization and oxidative phosphorylization

Bio 156: Unit 3/Exam 3 (7 decks)

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