Chapter 4 key terms

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

the condition in which all of the body’s systems are working at their best.

Question 2

metabolism

Answer 2

physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body.

Question 3

dilate

Answer 3

to widen.

Question 4

constrict:

Answer 4

: to narrow

Question 5

atrophy:

Answer 5

the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use.

Question 6

contracture

Answer 6

the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to lack of activity.

Question 7

inflammation

Answer 7

swelling.

Question 8

autoimmune illness

Answer 8

an illness in which the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.

Question 9

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 9

a type of arthritis in which joints become inflamed, red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possible deformities.

Question 10

osteoarthritis

Answer 10

common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis

Question 11

osteoporosis

Answer 11

a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily.

Question 12

menopause

Answer 12

the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.

Question 13

partial weight-bearing (PWB)

Answer 13

a doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.

Question 14

non-weight-bearing (NWB)

Answer 14

a doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any body weight on one or both legs.

Question 15

full weight-bearing (FWB):

Answer 15

a doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight (100%) on both legs.

Question 16

hemiplegia

Answer 16

paralysis on one side of the body.

Question 17

hemiparesis

Answer 17

weakness on one side of the body.

Question 18

expressive aphasia

Answer 18

: trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing.

Question 19

receptive aphasia

Answer 19

receptive aphasia

Question 20

emotional lability

Answer 20

inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger.

Question 21

dysphagia

Answer 21

difficulty swallowing

Question 22

gait

Answer 22

manner of walking.

Question 23

paraplegia

Answer 23

the loss of function of the lower body and legs

Question 24

quadriplegia:

Answer 24

: loss of function of legs, trunk, and arms.

Question 25

hypertension (HTN):

Answer 25

high blood pressure, measuring 130/80 or higher.

Question 26

diuretics:

Answer 26

medications that reduce fluid volume in the body.
angina: chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.

Question 27

respiration:

Answer 27

the process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling air out of the lungs

Question 28

inspiration

Answer 28

the process of inhaling air into the lungs.

Question 29

expiration

Answer 29

the process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

Question 30

dyspnea:

Answer 30

difficulty breathing.

Question 31

urinary incontinence:

Answer 31

: the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss or urine.

Question 32

digestion:

Answer 32

the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.

Question 33

absorption:

Answer 33

the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.

Question 34

elimination:

Answer 34

the process of expelling solid wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells.

Question 35

fecal incontinence

Answer 35

the inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool.

Question 36

constipation

Answer 36

the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool.

Question 37

enema

Answer 37

a specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool.

Question 38

ostomy

Answer 38

a surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside

Question 39

stoma:

Answer 39

an artificial opening in the body.

Question 40

glands

Answer 40

organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.

Question 41

hormones:

Answer 41

chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions

Question 42

diabetes:

Answer 42

a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin.

Question 43

insulin:

Answer 43

a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body.

Question 44

glucose:

Answer 44

natural sugar.

Question 45

prediabetes

Answer 45

a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Question 46

gestational diabetes

Answer 46

type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy.

Question 47

reproduce:

Answer 47

to create new human life.

Question 48

gonads:

Answer 48

sex glands

Question 49

tumor:

Answer 49

a cluster of abnormally growing cells.