CHAPTER 4- IVM Flashcards
Describe IVM (Integrated Vegetation Management)
system of managing plant communities in which managers set objectives, identify compatible and incompatible vegetation, consider tolerance levels and action thresholds, and implement the most appropriate method to achieve their objectives
Key steps of IVM
- ) Gaining science-based understanding of incompatible vegetation and eco-system dynamics
- ) Setting management objectives that consider tolerance levels and action thresholds
- ) Selecting and applying treatments from a variety of options to produce desired plant communities
- ) Monitoring the system to determine effectiveness
According to ANSI A300, the 6 steps of IVM are:
- ) Set objectives
- ) Evaluate the site
- ) Define action thresholds
- ) Evaluate and select control methods
- ) Implement control methods
- ) Monitor treatment and QA
____ - ____ _____ is a management philosophy applied through cover type conversion
Wire-Border zone
____ _____ is a section of a utility transmission ROW under the wires and extending out both sides to a specified distance
Wire Zone
______ ____ is the remainder of a utility transmission ROW, where small trees and shrubs are established.
Border Zone
The border zone can be modified to accommodate side slope, where it may need to be _____ on the uphill and _____ on the downhill
Eliminated, extended
_______ ____ is the area outside of the ROW, where tall growing species may be allowed, although they need to be monitored for risk
Peripheral Zone
____ _____ is the area of a utility pipeline ROW over the pipe and extending gout both sides to a specified distance. The intent is to maintain visual sight lines, facilitate access, and prevent root encroachment
Pipe Zone
____ ____ ______ , is an inventory technique that uses aerial photographs followed by ground checks to determine the nature of plant communities on a site.
Cover Type Mapping
At a program or project level, an accounting of all vegetation that could potentially affect management objectives, suppling a complete set of data upon which to base management decisions is called ______ _____.
Comprehensive Evaluation
_____ is a technology that uses laser pulses to evaluate field conditions and workloads on rights-of-way, with results depicted in a computer image. Precise and can document the distance between trees and conductors and can be combined with GIS systems
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
___ ______ are used to assess field conditions for planning, but can quickly become outdated.
Site Evaluations
_____ _____ are inventories or surveys of vegetation that could have a bearing on management objectives.
Workload evaluations
_____ _______ survey the volume of work. May be done by comprehensive inventories or sampling, but partial assessments are more common in Vegetation Management
Workload assessments
The plausible course of action for utilities is to ______ , rather than ______, risk from trees
manage, eliminate
Level 1 Tree Risk Assessment
limited visual assessment of trees along utility corridors, which view large populations of trees from a specified perspective to identify trees with obvious defects. May be conducted by walk-bys, drive-bys, or aerial patrols. allows better focus of mitigation efforts
Level 2 Tree Risk Assessment
a detailed, 360 degree ground based visual inspection of the aboveground portion of a tree and its surrounding site, often using simple tools.
_____ ______ ____ can be used to project the total amount of work from a representative population, while be cost-effective, and have a proven track record for accuracy
Partial Tree evaluations
_____ _____ is a type of partial evaluations using specific sample plots. Management areas are often divided into equal sized units and a statistically representative sample randomly selected for evaulation
Quadrat Sampling
_____ ____ , a method where a geographically area by selecting points in it, especially by choosing points at random on a map or aerial photograph.
Point Sampling
_____ _____ are maximum incompatible plant pressures allowable before unacceptable consequences develop
Tolerance levels
_____ _____ are vegetation pressures where vegetation management treatments should occur to prevent conditions from reaching tolerance levelts
Action thresholds
______ IVM methods are performed by workers using hand-carried tools. They are selective and can be used in sensitive locations, however are inefficient and expensive
Manual
_______ ______ IVM methods utilize machines that can be hand held. It is cost effective in the short term., however are non-selective and can disturb sensitive sites, as well as safety concerns.
Mechanical Control
The problem with _______ control methods is that mowed vegetation retains its roods, which proliferates resurgent shoot growth.
Mechanical
Tree Growth Regulators are….
chemical products that slow the growth rate of plants, and are effective in reducing the rate of shoot growth with no deleterious effects
_____ ____ is a technique in which a shallow depression is dug around the base of the tree, then filled
Soil Drench
____ ______ is a technique which is performed by inserting a probe and injecting TGR into the soil at set distances apart around the base of the trunk under the drip line
Soil Injection
____ _____ is a technique that is accomplished with a small injector which delivers TGR directly into the xylem
Trunk Injection
Benefits of TGRs
Reduced variability in growth rates Longer intervals between pruning Reduced time for pruning Healthier tree population with less likelihood of failure Less damage if trees should fall Less debris Reduced customer concerns Cost Saving
______ applications are a common individual stem treatment, where herbicides are applied to the stump surface around the cambium and top side of the bark
Stump
In regards to stump applications, _____ - _____ formulations require immediate treatment, while ____-____ herbicides penetrate sufficiently well to be applied hours, days, or weeks after cutting
water based, oil based
____ is a method of herbicide treatment involving application in to cuts in the trunk by injection
Frill (hack and squirt).
_____ treatments are especially useful against large, incompatible trees that can be left standing for wildlife
Frill
_____ applications are made to the base of stems and root collar with an herbicide in an oil carrier. The oil penetrates the bark and carries herbicide in the the plant
Basal
Although basal applications can be made year round, it is most effective when decidious plants are _____.
dormant. The foliage can obstruct access to the stems
____ _____ applications involve spraying leaves and shoots of specific target plants.
Selective foliar
____-_____ _____ foliar applications, have comparatively high concentrations of herbicide in less water
Low volume selective
___- ______ ______foliar applications have comparatively low concentrations of herbicide in more water
high volume selective
True or False: Foliar applications should only be made during the active growing season, in late spring to early autumn
True
______ _____-_____ application is a technique where specific, non-translocatable herbicides are applied to control branches growing toward utility factilties
Chemical Side-pruning
Chemical Side pruning is most effective against _____ branches, and may be damaging to trees if applied to _____ branches
smaller, larger
Types of Broadcast application techniques
- ) high volume foliar
- ) low volume foliar
- ) cut stubble
- ) bare ground
High volume foliar, low volume foliar, cut stubble, and bare ground applications are all examples of _____ ______ techniques
Broadcast application
True or False: Broadcast applications are not particularly useful in clearing ROWs or along access roads for large areas of infestation
False
Broadcast applications are ____-______ treatments because they control all plans sensitive to the specific herbicide being used.
non-selective
High volume foliar application targets a ____ _____ of incompatible vegetation, while High Volume Selective application targets ____ _____
broad area, individual plants
Low-volume foliar applications broadcasts a calibrated rate of ____ to ____ gallons an acre (____ to ____ litres) of herbicide to water or paraffin-oil
5 to 25 (45 to 230)
___-______ broadcast applications are made over areas that have just been mowed, to prevent incompatible species from sprouting back from their roots.
cut-stubble
Cut-stubble broadcast applications are usually restricted to the ___ ___ of ROWs to reduce the risk of root uptake of herbicides by non-target trees adjacent to the ROW
Wire Zone
____-_____ broadcast treatments are used for clearing all plant material in a prescribed area, such as substations or around pole bases
Bare-ground
Bare-ground applications are ususally granular or liquid applications _____ mechanical removals, or used as a ____-_____ in early spring for gravel areas
following, pre-emergent
___ _____, is the application of herbicide using aircraft, either helicopter or fixed wing
Aerial application
Aerial application treatments via helicopter (rotary wing) are _____ accurate due to slower flying speeds and more manuverability
more
Aerial application treatments are useful in _____ areas, but are ____-_____ and carry the threat of ___ -____ ____
remote, non-selective, off-target drift
____ _____ ______ are the preferred control method, and is the management of vegetation by establishing and conserving compatible, stable plant communities using natural elements
Biological Control Methods
Examples of Biological Control Methods
Natural competition Allelopathy Animals / Wildlife populations Insects Pathogens Cover type conversion
_____ is the ability of some plants, including certain grasses, to release chemicals that suppress other plant species growing around them
Allelopathy
____-_____ _______ is a type of biological control in which a plant community is converted from incompatible to compatible using selective techniques
cover type conversion
____-____ conversion uses selective techniques to provide a competitive advantage to short-growing, early successional plants, allowing them to thrive and successfully compete against unwanted tree species
cover type
Cover-type conversion ____ the amount of work to manage, especially herbicide application
reduces
True or False: Cover-type conversion is a type of biological control, but may require one or more other types of control methods (manual, mechanical, chemical) to achieve results
True
Two Stages of creating tree-resistant communities in Cover-type conversion
- ) non-selectively clearing the ROW of undesirable trees using the best applicable control method
- ) Using selective techniques, often including herbicide treatments and releasing the seed bank of native compatible species lying dormant on site
____ ____ methods modify habitat to discourage incompatible vegetation and establish and manage compatible plant communities
Cultural Control
Cultural Control methods require _____ intervention than Biological Control Methods
more
Examples of Cultural Control Methods
- ) pruning
- ) seeding
- ) planting lawns or low-growing crops
- ) establishing pastures, praries, or compatible landscapes
Disadvantages of Underground Utilities
- ) high cost
- ) no improvement in reliability
- ) difficult to maintain
- ) harm trees and disturb landscapes
Disadvantages of Engineering Solutions
- ) high cost/unaffordable to homeowners
2. ) detrimental environmental impacts
Examples of Engineering Solutions
- ) putting wires underground
- ) constructing/moving lines across street
- ) compact construction
- ) raising poles
- ) alley arms
Undergound utilities are often buried ____ ft (_____ m) underground, and tree roots are often located ____ ft ( ___ m) underground
4 ft(1.3 m) , 3 ft (1 m)
Steps to establish Tree Protection Zone
- ) evaluate species tolerance
- ) Identify tree age (young, mature, overmature)
- ) Find the distance from the trunk that should be protected based on trunk diameter
- ) Calculate the optimum radius for the tree protection zone
In regards to Chemicals, documents that accompany a herbicide package in a standard format.
Labels
Label information includes:
ingrediant statement EPA information compatibility technical and common names hazards to wildlife first aid statements storage and disposal approved uses
_____ herbicides control specific kings of plants when applied according to the label
Selective
Synthetic auxins are an example of ________ herbicides
Selective
____ _____ herbicides work against multiple types of plants
Non-Selective
_____ is a substance’s ability to damage and organ system by disrupting biochemical pathways for enzymes in areas other thatn the point of contact
Toxicity
___ toxicity results from a single exposure or exposure over a short period of time
Acute
_____ toxicity is the delayed damaging effect resulting from repeated exposure to low amounts of a substance over a long period or a lifetime
Chronic
Damage to the point of contact is called _____
corrosiveness
____ is the quantity of chemical absorbed into the body
Dose
____ is the amount of chemical reaching the body
Exposure
The risk of harm by exposure to chemicals is a combination of _____, ____ , and _____
toxicity, dose, and exposure
Four Categories of Toxicity
Category I - highly toxic
Category II - moderately toxic
Category III - Slighty toxic
Category IV - Relatively non-toxic
Most chemicals in Vegetation Management are ____ ___
Relatively non-toxic (Category IV)
____ is the inhalation concentraion of a substance that kills half the subject test animals within 2 weeks
LC50
____ is the oral or dermal lethal dose of a substance that kills half the test animals within the two-week test period
LD50
A substance with high acute toxicity is called
poison
In the US, substances that have a oral LD50 ____ than 50 mg per kg or a dermal LD50 ____ than 200 mg per kg are categorized as poisons
lower, lower
____-___ is the amount of time it takes half of the quantity of a substance to dissipate
Half-life
Soil properties that influence chemical longevity are _____, _____, and ______,
adsorption, leaching, and volatilization
Soil properties that influence chemical longevity are dependent on _____ and ____ ____ ____
texture, organic matter content
Two common active ingredients in Tree Growth Regulators are:
Flurpimidol and Paclobutrazol
TGRs inhibit growth regulator production, particularly ________
Gibberellins
When Gibberellins are suppressed, cells in many tree species do not ________, so growth is slowed. This results in stunted shoots and darker leaves
elongate
___- ___ ___ is the botanical biochemical pathways disrupted by herbicides
Mode of action
ALS or AHAS Mode of Action
inhibit ALS enzyme or AHAS in the biosynthesis of amino acids
Photosystem I inhibitors
accept electrons forming hydrogen peroixides, which reach to form compounds that destroy membrane fatty acids and chlorphyll
Photosystem II Inhibitors
Inhibit photosynthesis by blocking electron transport, stopping CO2 fixation
EPSP Inhibitors
Inhibit the enzyme EPSP synthase, which leads to depletion of proteins or disruption of biosynthetic pathways required for growth
Synthetic Auxins
precise mode of action not well understood but similar to natural auxins. Affect cell wall plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism. Also stimulate uncontrolled cell devisision and plant growth, which results in vascular tissue destruction
The ___ ____ is the section of transmission right of way directly under the wires and extending outward about 10 ft on each side. the ___ ___ is the remainder of the active right of way
Wire Zone, Border Zone
A ____ is a substance that has an oral LD50 lower than 50 mg per kg or body weight, or a dermal LD50 lower than 200 mg per kg of body weight
Poison
The target of IVM is ______ ____, including noxious weeds and invasive species, that pose potentially unacceptable economic, social, or environmental risks
Incompatible plants
SMART objectives of IVM are _____. _____, _____ ,___, and «
Specific, Measurable, Achievable Relevant, and Timely
Level 1 risk assessments review large populations of trees from a specific perspective to identify those that have an __________ or _____ likelihood of failure
imminent, probable
Vegetation, height, density, or other conditions that trigger specific control methods are called _____ ,______
Action thresholds
For clearing dense vegetation during initial establishment or reclaiming neglected or overgrown rights-of-way, _________ control methods are most efficent and cost effective
Mechanical
When properly selected and applied, herbicides can enhance ____ ___ ______ diversity and minimize ____ disturbance
Plant and wildlife, soil
_____ toxicity results from a single exposure, or exposure over a short period of time. _____ toxicity is the delayed damaging effect resulting from a repeated exposure to low amounts of a substance, evolving over a long period
Acute, Chronic
Mixing of chemicals should be done with a buffer of at least ___ feet ( ___ m) from a body of water or wetland
100, 30
____ ___ -_____ is a technique in which non-translocatable herbicides are applied to control specific branches growing toward utility facilities
Chemical side-pruning
_____ ______ is the management of vegetation by establishing and conserving compatible, stable, plant communities using natural competition, animals, insects, or pathogens
Biological Control
The section of a utility transmission right-of-way under the wires and extending out both sides to a specific distance is called the ____ ____
wire zone
What is the first step that should be completed in an IVM program?
Setting Objectives
LIDAR technology is precise and is effective for
a. ) documenting the distance between trees and conductors
b. ) calculating fluctuations in the distance between vegetation and conductors under various environmental conditions
c. ) identifying trees within striking or arcing distance of lines in the event of tree failure
Most herbicides used in vegetation management are in what toxicity category
Category IV - relatively nontoxic
What are the three primary climatic factors that influence herbicide and TGR degradation?
moisture, temperature, sunlight
True or False: The NERC Transmission Vegetation Management Program requires that utilities in North America have transmission vegetation management programs, but it does not require them to be documented
False
Which part of the body most readily absorbs pesticides?
Eyes
How far should a tree protection zone be from a mature tree of moderate tolerance to disturbance?
one foot per inch of diameter at breast height
A biological control used to provide a competitive advantage to short-growing, early successional plants is known as _____
Cover type conversion
An example of a cultural control in a ROW is:
Planting of food crops
True or False: Oil based pesticides are less easily absorbed through the skin than water-soluble pesticides
False
Compared to overhead electrical lines, a disadvantage of installing electrical lines underground is:
a. ) potential for increased land disturbance
b. ) the increased installation cost
c. ) outages are more lengthy
For IVM within buffer areas near bodies of water:
as much compatible vegetation should be retained as possible
