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ISA Utility Arborculture > CHAPTER 4- IVM > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4- IVM Flashcards

1
Q

Describe IVM (Integrated Vegetation Management)

A

system of managing plant communities in which managers set objectives, identify compatible and incompatible vegetation, consider tolerance levels and action thresholds, and implement the most appropriate method to achieve their objectives

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2
Q

Key steps of IVM

A
  1. ) Gaining science-based understanding of incompatible vegetation and eco-system dynamics
  2. ) Setting management objectives that consider tolerance levels and action thresholds
  3. ) Selecting and applying treatments from a variety of options to produce desired plant communities
  4. ) Monitoring the system to determine effectiveness
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3
Q

According to ANSI A300, the 6 steps of IVM are:

A
  1. ) Set objectives
  2. ) Evaluate the site
  3. ) Define action thresholds
  4. ) Evaluate and select control methods
  5. ) Implement control methods
  6. ) Monitor treatment and QA
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4
Q

____ - ____ _____ is a management philosophy applied through cover type conversion

A

Wire-Border zone

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5
Q

____ _____ is a section of a utility transmission ROW under the wires and extending out both sides to a specified distance

A

Wire Zone

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6
Q

______ ____ is the remainder of a utility transmission ROW, where small trees and shrubs are established.

A

Border Zone

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7
Q

The border zone can be modified to accommodate side slope, where it may need to be _____ on the uphill and _____ on the downhill

A

Eliminated, extended

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8
Q

_______ ____ is the area outside of the ROW, where tall growing species may be allowed, although they need to be monitored for risk

A

Peripheral Zone

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9
Q

____ _____ is the area of a utility pipeline ROW over the pipe and extending gout both sides to a specified distance. The intent is to maintain visual sight lines, facilitate access, and prevent root encroachment

A

Pipe Zone

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10
Q

____ ____ ______ , is an inventory technique that uses aerial photographs followed by ground checks to determine the nature of plant communities on a site.

A

Cover Type Mapping

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11
Q

At a program or project level, an accounting of all vegetation that could potentially affect management objectives, suppling a complete set of data upon which to base management decisions is called ______ _____.

A

Comprehensive Evaluation

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12
Q

_____ is a technology that uses laser pulses to evaluate field conditions and workloads on rights-of-way, with results depicted in a computer image. Precise and can document the distance between trees and conductors and can be combined with GIS systems

A

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

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13
Q

___ ______ are used to assess field conditions for planning, but can quickly become outdated.

A

Site Evaluations

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14
Q

_____ _____ are inventories or surveys of vegetation that could have a bearing on management objectives.

A

Workload evaluations

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15
Q

_____ _______ survey the volume of work. May be done by comprehensive inventories or sampling, but partial assessments are more common in Vegetation Management

A

Workload assessments

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16
Q

The plausible course of action for utilities is to ______ , rather than ______, risk from trees

A

manage, eliminate

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17
Q

Level 1 Tree Risk Assessment

A

limited visual assessment of trees along utility corridors, which view large populations of trees from a specified perspective to identify trees with obvious defects. May be conducted by walk-bys, drive-bys, or aerial patrols. allows better focus of mitigation efforts

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18
Q

Level 2 Tree Risk Assessment

A

a detailed, 360 degree ground based visual inspection of the aboveground portion of a tree and its surrounding site, often using simple tools.

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19
Q

_____ ______ ____ can be used to project the total amount of work from a representative population, while be cost-effective, and have a proven track record for accuracy

A

Partial Tree evaluations

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20
Q

_____ _____ is a type of partial evaluations using specific sample plots. Management areas are often divided into equal sized units and a statistically representative sample randomly selected for evaulation

A

Quadrat Sampling

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21
Q

_____ ____ , a method where a geographically area by selecting points in it, especially by choosing points at random on a map or aerial photograph.

A

Point Sampling

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22
Q

_____ _____ are maximum incompatible plant pressures allowable before unacceptable consequences develop

A

Tolerance levels

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23
Q

_____ _____ are vegetation pressures where vegetation management treatments should occur to prevent conditions from reaching tolerance levelts

A

Action thresholds

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24
Q

______ IVM methods are performed by workers using hand-carried tools. They are selective and can be used in sensitive locations, however are inefficient and expensive

A

Manual

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25
Q

_______ ______ IVM methods utilize machines that can be hand held. It is cost effective in the short term., however are non-selective and can disturb sensitive sites, as well as safety concerns.

A

Mechanical Control

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26
Q

The problem with _______ control methods is that mowed vegetation retains its roods, which proliferates resurgent shoot growth.

A

Mechanical

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27
Q

Tree Growth Regulators are….

A

chemical products that slow the growth rate of plants, and are effective in reducing the rate of shoot growth with no deleterious effects

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28
Q

_____ ____ is a technique in which a shallow depression is dug around the base of the tree, then filled

A

Soil Drench

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29
Q

____ ______ is a technique which is performed by inserting a probe and injecting TGR into the soil at set distances apart around the base of the trunk under the drip line

A

Soil Injection

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30
Q

____ _____ is a technique that is accomplished with a small injector which delivers TGR directly into the xylem

A

Trunk Injection

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31
Q

Benefits of TGRs

A 
Reduced variability in growth rates
Longer intervals between pruning
Reduced time for pruning
Healthier tree population with less likelihood of failure
Less damage if trees should fall
Less debris
Reduced customer concerns
Cost Saving
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32
Q

______ applications are a common individual stem treatment, where herbicides are applied to the stump surface around the cambium and top side of the bark

A

Stump

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33
Q

In regards to stump applications, _____ - _____ formulations require immediate treatment, while ____-____ herbicides penetrate sufficiently well to be applied hours, days, or weeks after cutting

A

water based, oil based

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34
Q

____ is a method of herbicide treatment involving application in to cuts in the trunk by injection

A

Frill (hack and squirt).

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35
Q

_____ treatments are especially useful against large, incompatible trees that can be left standing for wildlife

A

Frill

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36
Q

_____ applications are made to the base of stems and root collar with an herbicide in an oil carrier. The oil penetrates the bark and carries herbicide in the the plant

A

Basal

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37
Q

Although basal applications can be made year round, it is most effective when decidious plants are _____.

A

dormant. The foliage can obstruct access to the stems

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38
Q

____ _____ applications involve spraying leaves and shoots of specific target plants.

A

Selective foliar

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39
Q

____-_____ _____ foliar applications, have comparatively high concentrations of herbicide in less water

A

Low volume selective

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40
Q

___- ______ ______foliar applications have comparatively low concentrations of herbicide in more water

A

high volume selective

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41
Q

True or False: Foliar applications should only be made during the active growing season, in late spring to early autumn

A

True

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42
Q

______ _____-_____ application is a technique where specific, non-translocatable herbicides are applied to control branches growing toward utility factilties

A

Chemical Side-pruning

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43
Q

Chemical Side pruning is most effective against _____ branches, and may be damaging to trees if applied to _____ branches

A

smaller, larger

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44
Q

Types of Broadcast application techniques

A
  1. ) high volume foliar
  2. ) low volume foliar
  3. ) cut stubble
  4. ) bare ground
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45
Q

High volume foliar, low volume foliar, cut stubble, and bare ground applications are all examples of _____ ______ techniques

A

Broadcast application

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46
Q

True or False: Broadcast applications are not particularly useful in clearing ROWs or along access roads for large areas of infestation

A

False

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47
Q

Broadcast applications are ____-______ treatments because they control all plans sensitive to the specific herbicide being used.

A

non-selective

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48
Q

High volume foliar application targets a ____ _____ of incompatible vegetation, while High Volume Selective application targets ____ _____

A

broad area, individual plants

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49
Q

Low-volume foliar applications broadcasts a calibrated rate of ____ to ____ gallons an acre (____ to ____ litres) of herbicide to water or paraffin-oil

A

5 to 25 (45 to 230)

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50
Q

___-______ broadcast applications are made over areas that have just been mowed, to prevent incompatible species from sprouting back from their roots.

A

cut-stubble

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51
Q

Cut-stubble broadcast applications are usually restricted to the ___ ___ of ROWs to reduce the risk of root uptake of herbicides by non-target trees adjacent to the ROW

A

Wire Zone

52
Q

____-_____ broadcast treatments are used for clearing all plant material in a prescribed area, such as substations or around pole bases

A

Bare-ground

53
Q

Bare-ground applications are ususally granular or liquid applications _____ mechanical removals, or used as a ____-_____ in early spring for gravel areas

A

following, pre-emergent

54
Q

___ _____, is the application of herbicide using aircraft, either helicopter or fixed wing

A

Aerial application

55
Q

Aerial application treatments via helicopter (rotary wing) are _____ accurate due to slower flying speeds and more manuverability

A

more

56
Q

Aerial application treatments are useful in _____ areas, but are ____-_____ and carry the threat of ___ -____ ____

A

remote, non-selective, off-target drift

57
Q

____ _____ ______ are the preferred control method, and is the management of vegetation by establishing and conserving compatible, stable plant communities using natural elements

A

Biological Control Methods

58
Q

Examples of Biological Control Methods

A 
Natural competition
Allelopathy
Animals / Wildlife populations
Insects
Pathogens
Cover type conversion
59
Q

_____ is the ability of some plants, including certain grasses, to release chemicals that suppress other plant species growing around them

A

Allelopathy

60
Q

____-_____ _______ is a type of biological control in which a plant community is converted from incompatible to compatible using selective techniques

A

cover type conversion

61
Q

____-____ conversion uses selective techniques to provide a competitive advantage to short-growing, early successional plants, allowing them to thrive and successfully compete against unwanted tree species

A

cover type

62
Q

Cover-type conversion ____ the amount of work to manage, especially herbicide application

A

reduces

63
Q

True or False: Cover-type conversion is a type of biological control, but may require one or more other types of control methods (manual, mechanical, chemical) to achieve results

A

True

64
Q

Two Stages of creating tree-resistant communities in Cover-type conversion

A
  1. ) non-selectively clearing the ROW of undesirable trees using the best applicable control method
  2. ) Using selective techniques, often including herbicide treatments and releasing the seed bank of native compatible species lying dormant on site
65
Q

____ ____ methods modify habitat to discourage incompatible vegetation and establish and manage compatible plant communities

A

Cultural Control

66
Q

Cultural Control methods require _____ intervention than Biological Control Methods

A

more

67
Q

Examples of Cultural Control Methods

A
  1. ) pruning
  2. ) seeding
  3. ) planting lawns or low-growing crops
  4. ) establishing pastures, praries, or compatible landscapes
68
Q

Disadvantages of Underground Utilities

A
  1. ) high cost
  2. ) no improvement in reliability
  3. ) difficult to maintain
  4. ) harm trees and disturb landscapes
69
Q

Disadvantages of Engineering Solutions

A
  1. ) high cost/unaffordable to homeowners

2. ) detrimental environmental impacts

70
Q

Examples of Engineering Solutions

A
  1. ) putting wires underground
  2. ) constructing/moving lines across street
  3. ) compact construction
  4. ) raising poles
  5. ) alley arms
71
Q

Undergound utilities are often buried ____ ft (_____ m) underground, and tree roots are often located ____ ft ( ___ m) underground

A

4 ft(1.3 m) , 3 ft (1 m)

72
Q

Steps to establish Tree Protection Zone

A
  1. ) evaluate species tolerance
  2. ) Identify tree age (young, mature, overmature)
  3. ) Find the distance from the trunk that should be protected based on trunk diameter
  4. ) Calculate the optimum radius for the tree protection zone
73
Q

In regards to Chemicals, documents that accompany a herbicide package in a standard format.

A

Labels

74
Q

Label information includes:

A 
ingrediant statement
EPA information
compatibility
technical and common names
hazards to wildlife
first aid statements
storage and disposal
approved uses
75
Q

_____ herbicides control specific kings of plants when applied according to the label

A

Selective

76
Q

Synthetic auxins are an example of ________ herbicides

A

Selective

77
Q

____ _____ herbicides work against multiple types of plants

A

Non-Selective

78
Q

_____ is a substance’s ability to damage and organ system by disrupting biochemical pathways for enzymes in areas other thatn the point of contact

A

Toxicity

79
Q

___ toxicity results from a single exposure or exposure over a short period of time

A

Acute

80
Q

_____ toxicity is the delayed damaging effect resulting from repeated exposure to low amounts of a substance over a long period or a lifetime

A

Chronic

81
Q

Damage to the point of contact is called _____

A

corrosiveness

82
Q

____ is the quantity of chemical absorbed into the body

A

Dose

83
Q

____ is the amount of chemical reaching the body

A

Exposure

84
Q

The risk of harm by exposure to chemicals is a combination of _____, ____ , and _____

A

toxicity, dose, and exposure

85
Q

Four Categories of Toxicity

A

Category I - highly toxic
Category II - moderately toxic
Category III - Slighty toxic
Category IV - Relatively non-toxic

86
Q

Most chemicals in Vegetation Management are ____ ___

A

Relatively non-toxic (Category IV)

87
Q

____ is the inhalation concentraion of a substance that kills half the subject test animals within 2 weeks

A

LC50

88
Q

____ is the oral or dermal lethal dose of a substance that kills half the test animals within the two-week test period

A

LD50

89
Q

A substance with high acute toxicity is called

A

poison

90
Q

In the US, substances that have a oral LD50 ____ than 50 mg per kg or a dermal LD50 ____ than 200 mg per kg are categorized as poisons

A

lower, lower

91
Q

____-___ is the amount of time it takes half of the quantity of a substance to dissipate

A

Half-life

92
Q

Soil properties that influence chemical longevity are _____, _____, and ______,

A

adsorption, leaching, and volatilization

93
Q

Soil properties that influence chemical longevity are dependent on _____ and ____ ____ ____

A

texture, organic matter content

94
Q

Two common active ingredients in Tree Growth Regulators are:

A

Flurpimidol and Paclobutrazol

95
Q

TGRs inhibit growth regulator production, particularly ________

A

Gibberellins

96
Q

When Gibberellins are suppressed, cells in many tree species do not ________, so growth is slowed. This results in stunted shoots and darker leaves

A

elongate

97
Q

___- ___ ___ is the botanical biochemical pathways disrupted by herbicides

A

Mode of action

98
Q

ALS or AHAS Mode of Action

A

inhibit ALS enzyme or AHAS in the biosynthesis of amino acids

99
Q

Photosystem I inhibitors

A

accept electrons forming hydrogen peroixides, which reach to form compounds that destroy membrane fatty acids and chlorphyll

100
Q

Photosystem II Inhibitors

A

Inhibit photosynthesis by blocking electron transport, stopping CO2 fixation

101
Q

EPSP Inhibitors

A

Inhibit the enzyme EPSP synthase, which leads to depletion of proteins or disruption of biosynthetic pathways required for growth

102
Q

Synthetic Auxins

A

precise mode of action not well understood but similar to natural auxins. Affect cell wall plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism. Also stimulate uncontrolled cell devisision and plant growth, which results in vascular tissue destruction

103
Q

The ___ ____ is the section of transmission right of way directly under the wires and extending outward about 10 ft on each side. the ___ ___ is the remainder of the active right of way

A

Wire Zone, Border Zone

104
Q

A ____ is a substance that has an oral LD50 lower than 50 mg per kg or body weight, or a dermal LD50 lower than 200 mg per kg of body weight

A

Poison

105
Q

The target of IVM is ______ ____, including noxious weeds and invasive species, that pose potentially unacceptable economic, social, or environmental risks

A

Incompatible plants

106
Q

SMART objectives of IVM are _____. _____, _____ ,___, and «

A

Specific, Measurable, Achievable Relevant, and Timely

107
Q

Level 1 risk assessments review large populations of trees from a specific perspective to identify those that have an __________ or _____ likelihood of failure

A

imminent, probable

108
Q

Vegetation, height, density, or other conditions that trigger specific control methods are called _____ ,______

A

Action thresholds

109
Q

For clearing dense vegetation during initial establishment or reclaiming neglected or overgrown rights-of-way, _________ control methods are most efficent and cost effective

A

Mechanical

110
Q

When properly selected and applied, herbicides can enhance ____ ___ ______ diversity and minimize ____ disturbance

A

Plant and wildlife, soil

111
Q

_____ toxicity results from a single exposure, or exposure over a short period of time. _____ toxicity is the delayed damaging effect resulting from a repeated exposure to low amounts of a substance, evolving over a long period

A

Acute, Chronic

112
Q

Mixing of chemicals should be done with a buffer of at least ___ feet ( ___ m) from a body of water or wetland

A

100, 30

113
Q

____ ___ -_____ is a technique in which non-translocatable herbicides are applied to control specific branches growing toward utility facilities

A

Chemical side-pruning

114
Q

_____ ______ is the management of vegetation by establishing and conserving compatible, stable, plant communities using natural competition, animals, insects, or pathogens

A

Biological Control

115
Q

The section of a utility transmission right-of-way under the wires and extending out both sides to a specific distance is called the ____ ____

A

wire zone

116
Q

What is the first step that should be completed in an IVM program?

A

Setting Objectives

117
Q

LIDAR technology is precise and is effective for

A

a. ) documenting the distance between trees and conductors
b. ) calculating fluctuations in the distance between vegetation and conductors under various environmental conditions
c. ) identifying trees within striking or arcing distance of lines in the event of tree failure

118
Q

Most herbicides used in vegetation management are in what toxicity category

A

Category IV - relatively nontoxic

119
Q

What are the three primary climatic factors that influence herbicide and TGR degradation?

A

moisture, temperature, sunlight

120
Q

True or False: The NERC Transmission Vegetation Management Program requires that utilities in North America have transmission vegetation management programs, but it does not require them to be documented

A

False

121
Q

Which part of the body most readily absorbs pesticides?

A

Eyes

122
Q

How far should a tree protection zone be from a mature tree of moderate tolerance to disturbance?

A

one foot per inch of diameter at breast height

123
Q

A biological control used to provide a competitive advantage to short-growing, early successional plants is known as _____

A

Cover type conversion

124
Q

An example of a cultural control in a ROW is:

A

Planting of food crops

125
Q

True or False: Oil based pesticides are less easily absorbed through the skin than water-soluble pesticides

A

False

126
Q

Compared to overhead electrical lines, a disadvantage of installing electrical lines underground is:

A

a. ) potential for increased land disturbance
b. ) the increased installation cost
c. ) outages are more lengthy

127
Q

For IVM within buffer areas near bodies of water:

A

as much compatible vegetation should be retained as possible

ISA Utility Arborculture (7 decks)

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