Chapter 3- Utility Pruning Flashcards
A ___ __ ____ is a defined area of land with use rights designated for an intended purpose, such as a utility line
Right of Way
An _____ is a legal, non possessory interest in rear property that conveys use or partial use, but not ownership, of all, or more typically a portion of an owner’s property
Easement
A ____ _____ is a process used to achieve the desired long-term form of a plant
Pruning system
A ____ _____ system is performed with an understanding of a the tree’s natural characteristics and growth patterns, while allowing for changes in appearance. Most utility pruning falls under this system
Natural Pruning.
Describe Pollarding
Specialty pruning technique in which a tree with a large maturing form is kept relatively short. Internodal cuts are made at a chosen height, resulting in sprouts. Requires regular removal of the sprouts
A discredited practice involving the stubbing all or part of the crown of the tree without regard for tree health or structure. Severely damages tress and encourages rapid growth
Topping (roundover)
A ____ ____ ____ is made when removing the smaller of two branches at a union, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or branch collar, or leaving a stub
Branch removal cut
A ____ ____ removes the larger of two branches, or codominant stem, at a union, to a live lateral branch at least 1/3 the diameter of the stem/branch being removed. Should be done at a slight angle
Reduction cut
A ___ _____ removes a branch or leader either between nodes, or to a much smaller lateral branch, or to a bud. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a structural objecting
Heading Cut
Slightly enlarged growth point on a stem where leaves and buds arise
Node
4 Primary factors that influence tree response to pruning:
- ) Species
- ) Location, size, and quality of pruning
- ) Amount removed and tree vitality
- ) Site factors
True or False: trees produce more sprouts when larger branches are pruned back to smaller branches
True
True or False: the larger percentage of the crown remove, the stronger the expected growth response from a tree in good health
True
A tree with _____ growth habit adjacent to overhead lines requires more pruning than a tree with ____ growth pattern
deccurent (spreading), excurrent (upright)
A type of pruning that reduces size and ensuing growth of a branch in relation to other branches, causing the branch to grow at a slower rate
Subordination
Suboridnation is a type of ____ ____ ____
Strutural pruning technique
The two main objectives of utility pruning are ____ _____ and ______
risk reduction, clearance
True or False: A strategy that focuses on risk reduction promotes greater reliability than one for clearance
True
Trees compensate for structural defects with ____ _____
Response Growth
New wood produced in response to loads to compensate for higher strain in marginal fibers. Includes reaction wood and wound wood.
Response Growth
Trees and branches falling from beyond specified clearance distances have a ________ impact on service reliability than trees growing into and contacting power lines
greater
Risk = _________ X __________
Probability, Consequence
Selective removal of branches to guide and/or discourage growth in a particular fashion. Accomplished by removing or reducing branches back to lateral branches or parent stems to discourage growth
Directional Pruning
Directional pruning is most effective when performed at ____ ____ and when ____ ____ are taken into consideration
frequent intervals, tree charateristics
Tall trees with _____ growth habit are not good candidates for directional pruning
excurrent (upright). examples, pines or conifers
The best solution for palms interfering with utility facilities is ___ or ______
removal or relocation
An _______ is land over which the utility has a _____-______-_____ to maintain clearance
easement, Right of Way
The planned ____ _____ is the time between scheduled pruning operations
maintenance interval
When it has little or no likelihood of failure or impact to utility facilities, maintenance of a portion of a tree that is outside of the utility easement is the responsibility of the ____ _____
property owner (tree owner)
Trees react to structural defects with ________ _____, which compensates for structural weakness
response growth
________ uses reduction cuts to reduce branch length relative to other similar branches
Subordination
Trees that have been rounded over or topped in the past, but later converted to directional pruning may have extensive _________ growth on decayed stubs
Epicormic
A shoot arising from a dormant bud or from a newly formed adventitious tissue
Epicormic shoot
Excurrent
pattern of tree branching characterized by a central leader and a pyramidal, cone-shaped crown
Maintenance that is performed before an occurrence such as a service interruption is termed _______, while maintenance that is performed in response to such an occurrence is termed ______
preventative, reactive
All of the following are objective of utility pruning except:
a. ) reducing risk
b. ) maintaining tree structure
c. ) providing clearance
d. ) decreasing wind resistance
d.) decreasing wind resistance
True or False: Utility Easements may include only a portion of the individual tree
True
Reducing or removing branches back to laterals or parent stems growing away from the facility is known as:
directional pruning
Which of the following is true of palms?
a. ) palms can be directionally pruned
b. ) palms can be reduced in height
c. ) palms can close over trunk wounds
d. ) palms can quickly replace removed fronds
d.) palms can quickly replace removed fronds
Which of the following is not true of TGRs?
a. ) TGRs are effective in reducing the rate of shoot growth
b. ) TGRs have little or no deleterious effects
c. ) TGRS result in leaves that are smaller and slightly darker than normal
d. ) TGRs are more effective when applied to slow-growing trees
d.) TGRs are more effective when applied to slow growing trees
Chemical and Mechanical pruning should be restricted to areas:
where conventional methods are impractical, such as remove and rural locations.
True or False: Heavy sprout growth following utility pruning is never expected from healthy trees
False
