Chapter 4 Info Flashcards
Snap judgement
Briefly forming impressions of complete strangers based on the briefest glances
Janine, Willis and Todorov study: faces
Showed participants a large number of faces and they had them rate how trustworthy, competent, likeable, aggressive, or attractive each person seemed - some participants given as much time as needed to make ratings, others asked to rate photos after viewing for a second, half a second, or a tenth of a second
Results - hurried trait judgements corresponded remarkably well with the more reflective assessments
-correlation between judgements made at leisure and those made in a tenth of a second was almost as high as the correlation between judgements made at leisure and those made in a full second
Snap judgements conclusion
Some validity even to impressions based on brief exposure to others behaviour but shouldn’t put too much confidence in snap judgements as in general they contain only a kernel of truth
Pluralistic ignorance
Occurs whenever people act in ways that conflict with their private beliefs because of concern for the social consequences eg. saying you understood a lecture when you didn’t due to embarrassment - if everyone follows this logic, they all mislead one another about the true group norm
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others
Eg. If we think someone is unfriendly we’re likely to offer something of a cold shoulder ourselves - likely to elicit the very coldness we expected
Kassin, Goldstein, and Savitsky: crime investigation study
Had students commit a mock crime and other students visit the scene of the crime
-students then visited by interrogators
-interrogators who thought their suspects were likely to be guilty asked more incriminating questions and did more vigorous and aggressive interrogations - led suspects to act more defensively which made them appear guilty ti a group of observers who listened to the tapes
Bad news bias
People can be lead to believe they are more at risk of victimization than they really are
Primacy effect
Disproportionate influence on judgement by info presented first in body of evidence
Recency effect
Info presented last has most impact
Asch study: hypothetical individual
Asked people to evaluate a hypothetical individual described by the following terms: intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious
-individual was rated favourably no doubt due to influence of beginning two terms (primacy)
-a second group read same traits in opposite order - rated less favourably due to starting words being stubborn and envious
Framing effects
The frame of reference is changed by reordering the information even though the content of the info remains the same (eg. Order effects)
Spin framing
Less straightforward form of framing that varies the content, not just order of what is presented
Construal level theory
Temporal perspective from which people view events has important and predictable implications for how they construe them
Overconfidence bias
Tendency for individuals to have greater confidence in their judgements and decisions than their actual accuracy merits
Illusory support study: introvert/extravert
Researchers asked one group of participants to interview someone and determine whether target person was an extrovert, another group asked to determine whether target person was an introvert - those determining whether target was extravert tended to ask questions that focused on sociability
-those determining introversion asked questions about social withdrawal
