Chapter 1 Study’s And Other Info Flashcards
Zimbardo Jail study
24 university undergraduate men, study of a simulated prison, random assignment to role of guard or prisoner, guards turned to verbal abuse and physical humiliation, stopped study due to extreme stress reactions in prisoners
-result: had good people in a bad situation - displays the role of a situation in how people act
Kurt Lewin’s thoughts - founder of modern social psychology
Emphasized importance of situational factors external to the individual and showed that social psychologists could make use of experiments
-believed behaviour of people is always a function of the field of forces in which they find themselves (alike zimbardo’s study)
Milgram’s Study
-memory study
-would be a teacher and a learner, learner would try to memorize word pairs - chosen pleasant looking man would always be the learner, all P’s were the teacher
-teachers administered shock when wrong answer was given
-had to increase shock level as time went on
-most participants continued to obey even though they were worried about hurting the person - obeyed until shocks of 150 volt level on average before screaming they wanted out
-62.5% went all the way to 450 volts
Result: the situation and the researcher-teacher dynamic forces people to obey
Farley and Batson Samaritan study
-given Good Samaritan story speech
-asked each person to go to another building to give a sermon - were different routes to get to building - some people were in a hurry to get there, others were not - all participants passed by a man who needed help - those who were running late were less likely to help the guy than those who were not - says nothing about these people and their morals - says something about the situation and the power of it
Fundamental attribution error
Underestimating the power of external forces (the situation) on someone’s behaviour - often assume internal factors (kind of person someone is) dictates their actions (internal factors are called dispositions)
Gestalt Psychology
-objects are perceived not be means of some passive and unbiased perception of objective reality, but by active, usually unconscious interpretation of what the object represents - “an object is the sum of its parts”
-Belief that we see the world directly, without any complicated perceptual or cognitive machinery “doctoring” the data
African American Stereotype study
-white participants read words stereotypically associated with African Americans, then read brief description of someone whose race was not specified - participants were more likely to report that individual was hostile than participants who hadn’t read those words
-judgements of unprecedented people were just as prejudiced as explicitly prejudiced counterparts when it came to non conscious processing of info
Ideomotor Mimicry
Subconsciously imitating other people’s body language
-shows we often can’t identify crucial factors that affect our beliefs and behaviour
Barth and Pietromonaco study: guy named Donald study
-showed words on screen for 1/10 of a second - some participants shown words with hostile meaning and some saw neutral words
-then read about Donald, a man whose behaviour was ambiguous as to whether it could be construed as hostile
-participants exposed to hostility-related words rated Donald as more hostile than those exposed to neutral words
Results: displays that there are influences on our important judgements and behaviour that people are unaware of
Theory of mind
Evolution provided it
-is the concept that humans have the ability to recognize that other people have beliefs and desires
Naturalistic Fallacy
The way things are is the way they should be (this has no logical foundation)
Kim and Markus - Pen study
Korean and American participants offered a pen as a gift for being in a study - 4 pens of one colour, 1 pen of another colour - independent individuals more likely to pick unique pen, interdependent individuals - one of the pens of the colour with 4 of them - independent individuals want to be unique
