Chapter 4: Inductive Reasoning (Part 6) Flashcards
Examples of universal Quantifiers
All, every, each, no, none
Examples of Particular Quantifiers
Some, almost, almost all, several, few, not all, many
two rules that must be observed in determining the quantity of the predicate
- Predicate of an affirmative statement is generally particular
- The predicate of a negative statement is always universal.
three kinds of statements in a categorical syllogism:
- Minor premise
- Major premise
- Conclusion
three kinds of terms in categorical syllogism
- Minor term (S)
- Major term (P)
- Middle term (M)
Parts of a Categorical Syllogism
Premises and Terms
The subject of the conclusion. (also called the subject terms)
Minor term (S)
The predicate of the conclusion. (also called the predicate term)
Major term (P)
The term found in both premises and serves to mediate between the minor and the major terms.
Middle term (M)
the premise which contains the minor term.
Minor premise
the premise which contains the major term.
Major premise
the statement the premises support
Conclusion
4 Rules for the Validity of Categorical Syllogisms:
Rule 1: The syllogism must not contain two negative premises.
Rule 2: There must be three pairs of univocal terms.
Rule 3: The middle term must be universal at least once.
Rule 4: If the term in the conclusion is universal, the same term in the premise must also be universal.
violation of Rule 1: The syllogism must not contain two negative premises.
fallacy of exclusive premises
Violation of Rule 2: There must be three pairs of universal terms.
fallacy of equivocation
