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Fiser's ABSITE Review > Chapter 4 - Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is IL-4? what does it do?

A

Released by CD4 helper T. causes B-cell maturation into plasma cells

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2
Q

What is IL-2? what does it do?

A

Released by CD4 helper T. causes maturation of cytotoxic T cells.. Involved in delayed hypersensitivity. (brings in inflammatory cells by chemokine secretion)

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3
Q

What do Th1 helper T-cells do? examples?

A

predominant release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, INF-gamma). Cell mediated responses

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4
Q

What do Th2 helper T-cells do? examples?

A

predominant release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4–> inhibits macrophages). Atopy and allergic responses.

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5
Q

What do Suppressor T cells (CD8) cells do?

A

regulate CD4 and CD8 cells

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6
Q

What to cytotoxic T cells (CD8) do?

A

recognize and attack non-self antigens attached to MHC- class 1 receptors (eg viral gene products)

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7
Q

What does an intradermal skin test look for?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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8
Q

What types of infections are associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity?

A

intracellular pathogens (TB, viruses)

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9
Q

What effect can nucleotides have on the immune response?

A

increase T-cell mediated immunity

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10
Q

What is the first step in T-cell and B-cell activation?

A

alloantigen binds to antigen specific receptors: TCR (t-cells) or surface IgM (B-cells).

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11
Q

What is the second step or costimulatory signal required for T-cell and B-cell activation?

A

IL-1 released by antigen presenting cell. CD-41 helper T-cells release IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 which provide help for CD81 T cells and for B-cell activation

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12
Q

What does IL-4 from helper T-cells do?

A

stimulates B-cells to become plasma cells

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13
Q

What does MHC class I (A, B, and C) do? Where is it present? Structural makeup? What is it a target for?

A

CD8 cell activation. Its present on all nucleated cells. It is a single chain with 5 domains. Its a target for cytotoxic T-cells

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14
Q

What does MHC class II (DR, DP, and DQ) do? where is it located? structural makeup?

A

CD4 cell activation. Present on B-cells, dendrites, monocytes, and antigen presenting cells. 2 chains with 4 domains each. Activator for helper T-cells. Stimulates antibody formation.

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15
Q

How are viral infections recognized by immune system?

A

Endogenous viral proteins are produced, bound to class I MHC, go to cell surface, recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T-cells

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16
Q

How are bacterial infections recognized by immune system?

A

endocytosis, proteins bound to class II MHC molecules, go to cell surface, recognized by CD4 helper T cells–> B cells already bound to antigen are then activated by CD4 helper T-cells. They then produce the antibody to that antigen and are transformed to plamsa cells and memory B-cells

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17
Q

Do natural killer cells require MHC?

A

Do not require MHC, previous exposure, or antigen presentation. Not considered T or B. recognize lack of self MHC. Cancer surveillance

18
Q

What is IgM?

A

Initial ab made after exposure to antigen. Largest Ab. 5 domains, 10 binding sites

19
Q

What is IgG?

A

Most abundant antibody in the body. responsible for secondary immune response. Can cross placenta- protection in newborn period.

20
Q

What is IgA?

A

found in secretions. Peyers patches in gut - prevents microbial adherence and invasion in gut; and in breast milk- additional immunity in newborn

21
Q

What is IgD?

A

membrane-bound receptor on B-cells (antigen receptor)

22
Q

what is IgE?

A

allergic reactions, parasite reactions

23
Q

what antibodies are opsonins?

A

IgM and IgG. Fix complement. 2 IgG’s or 1 IgM

24
Q

What does the variable region in an antibody do?

A

antigen recognition

25
Q

What does the constant region in Ab do?

A

recognized by PMN and macrophages. Fc fragment does not carry variable region

26
Q

what are polyclonal antibodies?

A

have multiple binding sites to the antigen at multiple epitopes

27
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A

have only 1 binding site to 1 epitope

28
Q

how are variable and constant regions of heavy and light chains bound?

A

disulfide bonds

29
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

immediate. allergic. IgE mediated- mast and basophils relase histamine, serotonin and bradykinin in response to releas of major basic protein from eosinophils which have igE receptors for antigen. (Bee stings, hay fever, peanuts)

30
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgG or IgM reacts with cell-bound antigen (ABO, Rh, Graves, Myasthenia gravis, ITP)

31
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

immune complex deposition (serum sickness, rheumatoid, SLE)

32
Q

what is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

delayed-type hypersensitivity. Ag stimulation of previously sesnitized T-cells (TB skin test, contact dermatitis)

33
Q

What are basophils the major source of?

A

Histamine in the blood

34
Q

What are mast cells the major source of?

A

Histamine in tissue (other than stomach)

35
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

liver, bone, thymus

36
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen and lymph nodes

37
Q

what is immunologic chimera?

A

2 different cell lines in one individual (bone marrow transplant recipient)

38
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

converts lymphocytes to lymphokine activated killer (LAK) by enhancint their immune response to tumor. Also converts lymphocytes into tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) successful for melanoma

39
Q

WHat do you do for non-tetanus prone wounds?

A

give tetanus toxoid only if patient has received <3 doses or tetanus status unknown

40
Q

what do you do for tetanus prone wounds?

A

> 6 hours old, obvious contamination, crush, burn, frostbite, fucking missile wound- alway give tetanus toxoid unless known to have >3 ant it has been <5 years since last booster

41
Q

Tetanus immune globulin is given when?

A

patient with tetanus prone wounds ho have not been immunized

Fiser's ABSITE Review (50 decks)

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