Chapter 4 - Functional Anatomy

Question 1

Discuss prokaryotes in relation to these words: nucleus, histones, membrane-bound organelles, cell wall & division

Answer 1

Prokaryotes have no nucleus, do not associate their DNA with histones, lack membrane bound organelles, contain PG cell walls & divide by binary fission.

Question 2

Discuss Eukaryotes with these words: nucleus, histones, membrane-bound organelles, cell walls & division

Answer 2

Eukaryotes contain their DNA in a nucleus, associate their DNA with histones and nonhistones, contain membrane-bound organelles, lack PG in their cell walls & divide by mitosis.

Question 3

What is glycolax?

Answer 3

glycolax is a sugar coat that surrounds a cell. If it is unorganized it is a slime layer. Organized glycolax is described as a capsule.

Question 4

Describe the flagella of a gram-negative bacteria

Answer 4

gram negative bacteria contain two pair of rings with its filament, hook, and basal body.

Question 5

Describe the flagella of a gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 5

gram positive bacteria contain one pair of rings with its filament, hook, and basal body.

Question 6

Wha are the 4 types of flagella & what do they mean?

Answer 6

Monotrichous - single flagella at one pole
lophotrichous - tuft of flagella from one pole
amphitrichous - tuft of flagella at two poles
peritrichous - flagella at many poles

Question 7

Describe the two stages of flagellar movement

Answer 7

runs and tumbles

Question 8

What are the two forms of taxis in cellular motility?

Answer 8

chemotaxis & phototaxis

Question 9

What are fimbriae?

Answer 9

Fimbriae are hairlike appendages that are used for attachment and transfer of DNA

Question 10

What are Pili?

Answer 10

Pili are longer than fimbriae and are involved in motility and DNA transfer.

Question 11

Describe the structure of cell walls

Answer 11

Peptidoglycan consist of repeating NAG and NAM segments to form a carbohydrate backbone linked by polypeptides (peptide cross-bridges & tetra-peptide side chains)

Question 12

What is Lipid A?

Answer 12

A portion of the gram negative cell wall is Lipid A. When the cell dies, Lipid A is released into the host & causes symptoms.

Question 13

What is mycolic acid?

Answer 13

high concentrations of waxy lipids in a cell wall that prohibits uptake of dyes.

Question 14

types of active and passive transport

Answer 14

see notes