Chapter 16 - Innate Immune Defense

Question 0

What are three physiological processes that are responsible for innate immune defense?

Answer 0

pH, temperature & chemical receptor differences from plants/animals to humans

Question 1

What is innate immune defense?

Answer 1

Our resistance to most plant an animal bacteria because of physiological processes

Question 2

Are plant/animal bacteria a threat to humans?

Answer 2

Some can still cause disease

Question 3

What is the first line of host defense?

Answer 3

(Non-specific)
Skin
Mucous membranes
Normal microbiota

Question 4

What is the second line of host defense?

Answer 4

(Non-specific)
Phagocytiotic white blood cells
inflammation 
Fever
Anti-microbial substances

Question 5

What is the third line of host defense?

Answer 5

(Specific)
Specialized lymphocytes
B & T Cells
antibodies

Question 6

Write a short note on the epidermis

Answer 6

Tightly compacted cells
Shedding removes potentially harmful microbes
Langerhans cells phagocytize pathogens

Question 7

Write a short note on the dermis

Answer 7

Collagen protein fibers provide strength and flexibility to allow the skin to resist abrasions

Question 8

What are two defensive properties of sweat & their effects?

Answer 8

Salt inhibits pathogenic growth

lysozymes destroy cell walls (PG) of bacteria

Question 9

What is sebum?

Answer 9

sebaceous oil is secreted by the sebaceous glands that lowers the pH of the skin & keeps it pliable and less likely to crack or tear

Question 10

What is the correlation between acidity and fungal infections?

Answer 10

The less acidic, or more alkaline, the environment, the less favorable it is to a fungal infection.

Question 11

Write a short note on the mucous membrane

Answer 11

mucous membranes line every body cavity that is open to the air. The ciliary escalator traps microbes and transports them for destruction.

Question 12

How are normal microbiota advantageous?

Answer 12

Normal microbiota secrete substances that limit pathogenic growth by changing the pH. Their familiarity with the host allows them to be the first consumers of nutrients. Normal microbiota also provide vitamin B12 and vitamin K. They stimulate 2nd line of host defense.

Question 13

What are probiotics?

Answer 13

living bacteria in your gut that contribute to the health of your gut and digestive system by replenishing good bacteria after antibiotics, defending against pathogenic bacteria, and aiding digestion.

Question 14

What are 4 chemical factors of the first line of immune defense?

Answer 14

Fungistatic fatty acids in sebum
low pH of skin
low pH of gastric juice
lysozymes in bodily fluids

Question 15

What are the three types of formed elements in blood?

Answer 15

Erythrocytes, platelets & leukocytes.

Question 16

Function of erythrocytes

Answer 16

carry O2 and CO2

Question 17

Function of platelets

Answer 17

Blood clotting

Question 18

Write a brief note on leukocytes

Answer 18

White blood cells that defend the body. Are composed of granulocytes & agranulocytes

Question 19

What is an example of a granulocyte & what color does it stain?

Answer 19

Basophils stain blue with methyl blue

Question 20

What are two examples of granulocytes & what color do they stain?

Answer 20

They phagocytize pathogens and are capable of diapedesis. Eosinophils stain red/orange with acidic eosin. Nuetrophils stain lilac with a mixture of acidic & basic dyes.

Question 21

What does an increase in eosinophils indicate?

Answer 21

allergies and parasitic worm infections

Question 22

What does an increase in leukocytes and neutrophils indicate?

Answer 22

bacterial infection

Question 23

What does an increase in lymphocytes indicate?

Answer 23

viral infection

Question 24

Write a brief note about phagocytosis

Answer 24

The quarterback of immune defense. wandering phagocytes and macrophages

Question 25

Define pathogenicity

Answer 25

ability to cause disease

Question 26

virulence

Answer 26

degree of pathogenicity

Question 27

What are the 4 steps of bacterial infection

Answer 27

access, adherence, evasion, damage

Question 28

What are the 2 ways bacteria can cause infection?

Answer 28

damage tissue or build up waste

Question 29

What are the 4 portals of bacterial entry?

Answer 29

Mucous membrane, skin, conjunctiva, parenteral route (lesions)

Question 30

What types of bacteria enter through the respiratory tract?

Answer 30

Colds, TB, pneumonia

Question 31

What types of bacteria enter through the GI tract?

Answer 31

STD's

Question 32

What is a preferred portal of entry?

Answer 32

The portal of entry that gives a pathogen the highest virulence.

Question 33

What is the ID50?

Answer 33

The virulence of a microbe - infectious dose for 50% of the population.

Question 34

What is the LD50?

Answer 34

The potency of a toxin or a dosage that would be lethal for 50% of the population.

Question 35

What are adhesions?

Answer 35

ligands that bind to receptors. If the adhesion can be altered, infection decreases

Question 36

What are biofilms?

Answer 36

A community of microbes & their extra-cellular products that allow them to adhere & collet nutrients. They resist disinfectants and antibiotics.

Question 37

What are capsules?

Answer 37

glycolax capsules increase virulence by impairing phagocytosis.

Question 38

How does the immune system defend against capsules?

Answer 38

The immune system produces antibodies to phagocytize capsules.

Question 39

What are two cell wall components that aid in virulence?

Answer 39

M protein allows heat and acid resistance. Waxy lipids (mycelic acid) resist digestion.

Question 40

What are exoenzymes & what do they do?

Answer 40

enzymes excreted by bacteria that digest the immune response.

Question 41

What is collagenase?

Answer 41

Collagenase is an extracellular enzyme secreted by bacteria to break down the collagen fibers in a host for the purpose of spreading disease.

Question 42

What are IgA proteases?

Answer 42

IgA proteases are extracellular enzymes secreted by bacteria to destroy antibodies that defend against adherence.

Question 43

What is antigenic variation?

Answer 43

The ability of bacteria to change its surface antigens.

Question 44

In relation to virulence, what are invasions?

Answer 44

Invasions rearrange the actin filaments and cause membrane ruffling to allow bacteria into a host cell.

Question 45

How does a bacteria use cell junctions to penetrate a host?

Answer 45

Junctions can be hijacked to move bacteria from cell to cell.

Question 46

How do S. Pyogenes & S. Pneumoniae evade phagocytosis?

Answer 46

They inhibit adherence with M protein and capsules.

Question 47

How do Staphylococcus aureus evade phagocytosis?

Answer 47

By killing phagocytes with leukocidins.

Question 48

How does Listeriamonocytogenes evade phagocytosis?

Answer 48

By lysing phagocytes with their membrane attack complex.

Question 49

How does signal evade phagocytosis?

Answer 49

Escapes from phagosome

Question 50

How does HIV evade phagocytosis?

Answer 50

HIV prevents the fusion of phagosome and lysosome.

Question 51

How does Coxiella brunette evade phagocytosis?

Answer 51

C. burnetti survives in phaglysosome.

Question 52

What are the two ID cells that kill extracellularly?

Answer 52

Eosinophils & natural killer cells.

Question 53

What are the two methods by which natural killer cells work extracellularly?

Answer 53

NK cells secrete toxins onto the surface of infected cells & differentiate normal body cells because they have similar proteins.

Question 54

How does the complement system work?

Answer 54

the complement system increases the chance that phagocytes will eat invasive bacteria by attracting immune cells.

Question 55

What is the end result of complement activation?

Answer 55

Complement activation results in the lysis of foreign cells. by introducing various proteins to work synergistically with the actions of antibodies.

Question 56

What are the two ways the complement system can be activated?

Answer 56

The Classical and Alternate pathways can both activate the complement system.

Question 57

Write a brief note on the Alternate pathway.

Answer 57

Independent of antibodies, properdin and lectin are released before antibodies are made.

Question 58

Write a brief not on the three types of interferons.

Answer 58

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma interferons are released by an infected cell to warn neighboring cells. Cause many symptoms associated with viral infections. They work better at high temperatures.

Question 59

What is the result of Alpha and Beta interferons?

Answer 59

Alpha and Beta interferons inhibit viral replication.

Question 60

What is the result of Gamma interferons?

Answer 60

Gamma interferons cause the phagocytosis of bacteria.

Question 61

Write a brief note on fevers.

Answer 61

Pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temperature. phagocytosis of bacteria induces macrophages to produce IL-1, a pyrogen which triggers prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus. Followed by a shivering and crisis (break) phase.

Question 62

What are the advantages of a fever?

Answer 62

Enhances IFN effects. Inhibits growth. enhances ID of some cells and tissue repair.

Question 63

What are the disadvantages of a fever?

Answer 63

Death Tachycardia in elderly Increased metabolism