Chapter 4: Experimental: Thinking (4-6%)

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

Are how one represents the relationship b/t two things. (Ex. a bird is an animal that has wings and flies)

Question 1

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 1

The study of thinking, processing and reasoning.

Question 2

Hypothese

Answer 2

Are ideas used to test relationships and then to form concepts (Ex. Animals w/ wings are the ones that fly)

Question 3

Mental Set / Set

Answer 3

Is the preconceived notion of how to look at a problem. Ex. Bird cage is good housing for a bird)

Question 4

Schema

Answer 4

Is an organized bunch of knowledge gathered from prior experiences that includes ideas about specific events or objects and attributes that accompany them. New events and objects are categorized based on how well they match the existing attributes. Ex. Birds might included feathers, wings, worms and flying, but, Penguins: swim and eat fish)

Question 5

Scripts

Answer 5

Are ideas about they way events typically unfolds. (Ex. Going to the movies)

Question 6

Protypes

Answer 6

Are the representative or “usual” type of an event or object. (Ex. Scientist is someone good at math and doesn’t write poetry)

Question 7

Insight

Answer 7

Is having a new perspective on an old problem: the a-ha! experience

Question 8

J.P. Guildford: Convergent Thinking

Answer 8

Is the type of thinking used to find the one solution to a problem (Ex. Math)

Question 9

Divergent Thinking

Answer 9

Is used when more than one possibility exists in a situation (Ex. Playing chess/creative thinking)

Question 10

Functional Fixedness

Answer 10

Is the idea that people develop closed mind about the functions of certain objects. They cannot think of creative uses or think divergently.
(Ex. A cage is the ONLY good housing for birds)

Question 11

Problem Spece

Answer 11

Is the sum total of possible moves that one might make in order to solve a problem.

Question 12

Algorithms

Answer 12

Are problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually hit on the correct solution. This may take a great deal of time.

Question 13

Heuristic

Answer 13

are problem-solving strategies that use rules of thumb or short-cuts based on what has worked in the past.

Question 14

Metacognition

Answer 14

Refers to the process of thinking about your own thinking knowing what solving strategies to apply and when or knowing how to adapt your thinking to new situations

Question 15

Mediation

Answer 15

Is the intervening mental process that occurs b/t stimulus and response. It reminds us what to do or how to respond based on ideas or past learning

Question 16

Allen Newell & Herbert Simon: Computer Simulation Model

Answer 16

are designed to solve problems humans do. Newell & Simon introduced the first of these (called the logic theorist) and then revamped it (the general problem solver)

Question 17

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 17

leads to specific conclusion that must follow from the information given. (Ex. All coats are blue. She wears a coat. Her coat must be blue)

Question 18

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 18

leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics. (Ex. All P.h.D students studied work for their GRE)

Question 19

Atmosphere Effects

Answer 19

When a conclusion is influenced by the way information is phrased

Question 20

Semantic Effects

Answer 20

Believing in conclusion is b/c of what you know/think to be correct rather than what logically follow from the information given

Question 21

Confirmation Bias

Answer 21

Remembering and using information that confirms what you already know

Question 22

Decision Making

Answer 22

is working on solving a problem until an acceptable solution is found

Question 23

Intelligence

Answer 23

is the capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment.

Question 24

Reaction Time

Answer 24

Is most frequently used to measure cognitive processing (Latency) Response speed for all types of tasks declines significantly w/ age

Question 25

Elizabeth Loftus & Allan Collins

Answer 25

suggest that people have hierarchical semantic networks in their memory that group together related items

Question 26

Allan Collins & Ras Quillan

Answer 26

Assert that people make decisions about the relationship b/t items by searching their cognitive semantic hierarchies

Question 27

The Long-Term Semantic Memory Network

Answer 27

It takes longer to make associations b/t pictures thanb/t words, probably b/c pictures must mentally be put into words b/f associations can be made

Question 28

Semantic Priming

Answer 28

in a word-recognition task os the presentation of a related item (test) before the next item (GRE)

Question 29

Stroop Effect

Answer 29

explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the work itself are of different colors

Question 30

Button-Up Processing

Answer 30

is recognizing an item or pattern from date or details (data driven)

Question 31

Top-Down Processing

Answer 31

suggest that people form their own perceptions starting w/ larger objects, concepts or ideas before working their way towards more detailed information (Ex. working from general to specifics or big picture to tiny details)

Question 32

Automatic Processing

Answer 32

When a task is effortlessly done b/c the task is subsumed under a higher organization process

Question 33

Eye Movement & Gaze Duration

Answer 33

are indicators of information processing while reading. Eye movement from one fixation point to another are called saccades.

Question 34

James Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 34

claims that bodily reactions to situations cause emotions. First physiological responses are present in situations; than we fed the emotion that comes w/ these bodily reactions. (Ex. feeling scared b/c of trembling)

Question 35

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion / Emergency Theory

Answer 35

assets that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously. In emotional situation, our body is cued to react in the brain (emotion) and body (biological response). (Ex. trembling and feeling scared in response to danger)

Question 36

Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer: Cognitive Theory of Emotion / Schachter - Singer Theory

Answer 36

asserts that emotions are the product of physiological reactions but, both claim that cognition are the missing link in the chain. The cognition we attach to a situation determines which emotion we feel in response to physiological arousal