Chapter 2: Experimental: Language (3-4% Flashcards
Psycholingusitics
The study of the psychology of language
Language
Is the meaning arrangement of sounds.
Phonemes
Discrete sounds that make up words but carry no meaning
Phonics
Is the learning to read by sounding out the phonemes
Morphemes
Make up phonemes; the smallest units of meaning in language. Words / parts of words that have meaning are morphemes.
(Ex. boy and -ing)
Phrase
Is a group of words that when put together function as a single syntactic part of a sentence
(Ex. Walking the dog)
Syntax
The arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language
Grammar
The overall rules of the interrelationship b/t morphemes and syntax that make up a certain language.
Morphology / Morphological Rules
Grammar rules; how to group morphemes
Prosody
Tone inflections, accents, and other aspects of pronunciation that carry meaning
Noam Chamsy
The most important figure in psycholinguistics
Transformational Grammar
Differentiates b/t surface structure and deep structure in language
Surface Structure
The way that words are organized
Deep Structure
The abstract representation that identifies the way a sentence can be analyzed and interpreted
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
A hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children’s innate predisposition for language acquisition
Overextension
Is generalizing with names for things.
Ex. Young child call any furry thing a doggie
Telegraphic Speech
Refers to speech without the article or extras. (Ex. Me go)
Holophrastic Speech
Using one word to covey a whole sentence. (Ex. Me=give that to me)
Girls vs. Boys
Faster and more accurate with language.
Bilingual Children
Slower at language learning.
Alexia
People who are unable to read.
Agraphia
People who are unable to write but have no problem speaking or understanding speech.
Overregularization
The overapplication of grammar rules.
Ex. sleeps, founded
Overextension
Is generalizing w/ names for things
Young child call any furry thing a doggie
Telegraphic Speech
Refers to speech w/o the article or extras
Ex. Me go
Holophrastic Speech
Using one word to convey a whole sentence
EX. Me=give that to me
Girls vs Boys
Girls learn faster and more accurate w/ language
Bilingual Children
Slower at language learning
Reading and Writing
Alexia- people who are unable to read; agraphia or write have no problem speaking or understanding speech
Language Acquisition Milestones
1yr-speck first word(s)
2yr- > 50 spoken words, usually in two-(and than three) word phrases
3yr- 1,000 words vocabulary, but use has many grammatical errors
4yr- grammar problems & random exceptions
Benjamin Whorf (Hopi Language): Whorfian Hypothesis
Posited that language, or how a culture says things, influences that culture perspective
-Unclear to what extent language really affects our perceptions
Roger Brown
Researched the area of social, developmental, and linguistic psychology.
-Found that children’s understanding of grammatical rules develop as they hypotheses about how syntax words and than self-correct w/ experience
Katherine Nelson
Found that language really brings to develop w/ the onset of active speech rather than during the first year of only listening
William Labov
Studied ebonics and found that it had its own complex internal structure
Lev Vygotsky & Alexander Luria
Studied that development of word meaning & found them to be complex and altered by interpersonal experience.
-Also, the asserted that language is a tool involved in (not just the byproduct) the development of abstract thinking.
Charles Osgood
Studied semantics or word meaning
Semantic Differential Chart
Allowed people to plot the meanings of words on graphs (like near “good” but dar from “relaxed”). Results = people w/ similar backgrounds and interest plotted words similarly
Language
The meaning arrangement of sounds.
Psycholinguistics
Is the study of the psychology of language
Phonemes
Discrete sounds that make up words that carry no meaning.
-Phonics: is the learning to read by sounding out the phonemes.
Morphemes
Make up of phonemes; the smallest units of meaning in language. Words / parts of words that have meaning are morphemes.
(Ex. Boy & ING)
Phrase
Is a group of words that when put together function as a single syntactic part of a sentence.
(Ex. Walking the dog)
Syntax
The arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language
Grammar
The overall rules of the interrelationship b/t morphemes & syntax that make up a certain language.
Morphology / Morphological Rules
Grammar rules; how to group morphemes.
Prosody
Tone inflections, accents, and other aspects of pronunciation that carry meaning
Noam Chomsky
The most important figure in psycholinguistics
Transformational Grammar
Differentiates b/t surface structure & deep structure in language.
Surface Structure
The way that words are organized
Deep Structure
The abstract representation that identifies the way a sentence can be analyzed and interpreted
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
A hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children’s innate predisposition for language acquisition
Overregularization
The overapplication of grammar rules
Ex. Sheeps, founded
