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Human Growth & Development > Chapter 4: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Key Sequences of Physical Development

A
  1. Cephalocaudal
  2. Proximodistal
  3. Differentiation
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2
Q

Cephalocaudal Development

A
  • From the upper part of the head to the lower parts
    of the body (Brain regulates essential functions
    functions and development of the body)
  • Head constitutes half of the entire embryo by 8
    weeks
  • Brain develops more rapidly than the spinal cord
  • Arm buds from before the leg buds
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3
Q

Proximodistal Development

A
  • From the trunk outward from the body’s central
    axis toward the periphery.
  • Brain and spinal cord follow a central axis down
    through the body (essential for nerves to be in
    place before the infants can gain control over their
    arms and legs.)
  • Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and elimination
    are all carried out by organs systems close to the
    central axis.
  • Terms of motor development - infants gain control
    over their trunks and shoulders before their arms,
    hands, and fingers. Also over their hips and upper
    legs before their lower legs, feet, and toes.
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4
Q

Differentiation

A

The tendency as children matures their behaviors become less loose and more global, more specific and distinct.

Examples:
*If a neonate injured their finger, they may withdraw their finger, thrash about, cry, and show signs of distress.
VS.
* If a toddler hurt their finger, they may also cry, show distress, and withdraw the finger, but are less likely to to thrash about wildly.

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5
Q

Reasonable Birth Weight

A

6 - 8 pounds

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6
Q

Reasonable Birth Height

A

19 - 20 inches

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7
Q

Span of a zygote in the 9 month development

A

From 1/175 of an inch long to a neonate of about 20 inches in length.

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8
Q

Weight Gain

A
  • 5 months - double weight
  • 1st year - Triple weight
  • 2nd year - Gain 4 to 7 pounds
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9
Q

Height Gain

A

*1st year - increases by 50%
*2nd year - about half of their adult height

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10
Q

Truth of Fiction
The head of the newborn child doubles in length by adulthood, but the legs increase in length by about five times.

A

True
The head of a newborn child doubles in length by adulthood, and the legs increase in length by about five times. The torso also increases by about three times and the arms by four times.

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11
Q

Body Proportions

A

Head = 0.63 inch
1 arm = 3 Heads
1 Leg = 4 Heads

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12
Q

Head

A
  • 1/4 of the body
  • diminishes in proportion to the body
  • doubles in size by adulthood
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13
Q

Arms and Legs

A
  • Equal in length in the neonate
  • Arms grow more rapidly in the beginning
  • Arms grow longer than the legs by 2nd birthday
  • Legs eventually catch up and surpass the arms
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14
Q

Neck

A

By 1st birthday the neck has begun to lengthen

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15
Q

Truth or Fiction
Infants triple their birth weight within a year

A

True
Infants triple their birth weight within a year. They usually double their birth weight in only about five months.

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16
Q

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

A

Disorders of infancy and early childhood are characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight.

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17
Q

Organic FTT

A

Caused by underlying health issues
Examples:

Allergies
Digestion
Swallowing
Mother unable to produce milk

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18
Q

Nonorganic FTT

A

Caused by psychological and or social roots
Examples:

Neglectful mother (possibly suffering from Post Partum)

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19
Q

Catch Up Growth

A

When organic or nonorganic problem alleviates the child’s rate of growth frequently accelerates

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20
Q

Canalization

A

the tendency of growth rates to return to normal after undergoing environmentally induced change.

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21
Q

Nutritution

A

*Birth - 6 months. Breast milk or formula (Breast feeding moms avoid spicy foods and alcohol)

  • 6 months. - Iron-enriched rice cereal by spoon(easy to digest) for the 1st two weeks, then try either wheat or oat for two weeks and on the next for allergy testing
  • 8 - 12 months - soft mashed-up vegetables (avoid vegetables like asparagus that are too stringy)
  • 8 -12 months - soft mashed-up fruits (avoid strawberries too early to prevent a food allergy)
    Must be done after vegetables to avoid the sugars in the beginning of food introduction)
  • 12 months - cow’s milk
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22
Q

Guidelines (US Dept of Agriculture)

A
  • Build up a variety of foods, introducing one at a
    time for possible allergies
  • Pay attention to infants’ appetites to help avoid
    over or underfeeding
  • Do not restrict fat and cholesterol too much,
    infants need them
  • Do not overdo high-fiber foods
  • Generally avoid foods with added sugars and salts
  • Encourage eating of high-iron foods (leafy greens
    and red meats) for brain development
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23
Q

Nervous System

A

A system of nerves involved in a heartbeat, visual-motor coordination, thought, language, and so on.

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24
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons from many neurons

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25
Q

Neurons

A

Cells in the nervous system transmit messages from one part of the body to another part.

  • basic units of the nervous system
  • we are born with about 100 billion neurons,
    primarily in the brain.
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26
Q

Dendrites

A

Rootlike parts of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons

  • short fibers that extend from the cell body
  • receive incoming messages from up to 1,000
    adjoining transmitting neurons
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27
Q

Axon

A

A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through branching structures called axon terminals.

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28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical that transmits a neural impulse across a synapse from one neuron to another.

  • Released from axon terminals and received by the
    dendrites of adjoining neurons, muscles, or glands.
29
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

A fatty, whitish substance that encases and insulates axons.

  • insulates the neuron from electrically charged atoms in the fluids that encase the nervous system.
30
Q

Myelination

A

The coating of axons with myelin

  • not complete at birth (part of the maturation process that leads to crawling and walking during the 1st year after birth.)
  • Vision, hearing, and skin senses are less well myelinated at birth
  • Myelination of the brain’s prefrontal cortex continues into the 2nd decade of life (connected with working memory and language ability.)
  • Breakdown of myelin believed to be connected with Alzheimer’s disease (source of cognitive decline that begins later in life.)
31
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

A disorder in which hard, fibrous tissue replaces the myelin, impeding neural transmission.

  • Interferes with muscle control
32
Q

Truth or Fiction
A newborns brain weighs about 25% of its adult weight but grows to some 70% of its adult weight by the child’s first birthday

A

True
A newborn’s brain weighs about 25% of its adult weight, and it mushrooms to some 70% (triple) of adult weight by the age of one year.

33
Q

Medulla

A

An area of the lower back part of the brain involved in the heartbeat and respiration

  • Part of the brain stem and vital in the control of basic functions
34
Q

Cerebellum

A

The area of the lower back part of the brain involved in coordination and balance

  • Helps child maintain balance, control motor behavior, and coordinate eye movements with bodily sensations.
35
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest rounded part of the brain responsible for learning, thought, memory, and language.

  • Consists of two hemispheres that increasingly wrinkle as the child develops.
  • Wrinkles form ridges and valleys called fissures
  • Surface is called the Cerebral Cortex (thought/reason), where we receive sensory information and command muscles to move.
  • The cerebral cortex is only one-eight of an inch thick
36
Q

Truth or Fiction
The cerebral cortex – the outer layer of the brain that is vital to human thought and reasoning – is only one-eighth of an inch.

A

True
The outer layer of the brain which is vital to human thought and reasoning – is one-eighth of an inch thick.

37
Q

First Growth Spurt of the Brain

A

Occurs during the 4th and 5th months of prenatal development

When neurons proliferate

38
Q

Second Growth Spurt of the Brain

A

Occurs between the 25th week (6 months) of prenatal development and the end of the 2nd year after birth.

Due to the proliferation of dendrites and axon terminals

39
Q

The link between myelination and what Infants can do

A
  • At birth, parts of the brain involved with heartbeat and respiration, sleeping and arousal, and reflex activity are myelinated and functional.
  • Myelination of the nerves to muscles is largely developed by the age of two years and continues to some degree into adolescence.
  • Myelination of the neurons involved in the sense of hearing begins at about 6th month of pregnancy and continues until about the age of four years
  • Myelination of the neurons involved in the sense of vision begins at about four months, and within 5 to 6 months after birth, vision becomes the dominant sense.
40
Q

Nature and Nurture in Brain Development

A

Examples of sensory stimulation sparking growth in the cortex:

  • In studies, rats exposed to more complex environments developed heavier brains (more synapses per neuron)
  • Opposed to rats reared in darkness showed shrinking of the visual cortex, leading to impaired vision and visual-motor coordination.

The brain is affected by experiences, and an infant has much more neuron connections than adults do.

The connections that are activated by experience survive, and the others do not. (ultimately impairing adaptability.)

41
Q

Motor Development

A

Involves the activity of muscles leading to changes in posture, movement, and coordination of movement with the infants developing sensory apparatus.

Both maturation (nature) and experience (nurture) are involved in motor development

42
Q

Neonates Stepping and Swimming Reflex

A
  • Disappear when cortical development inhibits some functions of the lower brain
  • Reappear later, yet different in quality
43
Q

Infants’ ability to raise their head
[Cephalocaudel Development]

A

About one month

44
Q

Infants’ ability to lift their chest while on their stomachs
[Cephalocaudel Development]

A

About two months

45
Q

Infants’ ability to hold their heads up
{Cephalocaudel Development]

A

About three to six months
However, not when being lifted or moved in a jerky matter (still support their head to protect their necks)

46
Q

Infants track slowly moving objects with their eyes
[Proximodistal Development]

A

Shortly after birth

47
Q

Infants make clumsy swipes at objects
[Proximodistal Development]

A

About three months

48
Q

Infants become more successful at grasping objects
[Proximodistal Development]

A

Between four and six months

49
Q

ulnar grasp

A

grasping objects between fingers and palm

  • Four to six months, they can transfer objects back and forth between hands
50
Q

pincer grasp

A

grasping objects between fingers and the thumb

  • At Nine to twelve months, the oppositional thumb comes into play, enabling infants to pick up tiny objects
  • By 11 months infants can hold objects in each hand and inspect them in turn.
51
Q

An aspect of visual-motor coordination is stacking blocks.

A

15 months, on average, can stack two blocks
18 months, on average, can stack three blocks
24 months, on average, can stack five blocks

52
Q

Locomotion

A

Movement from one place to another

Examples: rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking and running

53
Q

Motor Development in Infancy

A

16 weeks - turns from the stomach to the side
20 weeks - turns from the stomach to the back
28 weeks - turns from back to stomach
28 weeks - sits up
32 to 36 weeks - crawls
36 to 44 weeks - either creeps or kneels up
40 to 52 weeks - stands up
48 to 64 weeks - starts to walk
64 to 76 weeks - full walking

54
Q

Toddler

A

A child who walks with short, uncertain steps

55
Q

Truth or Fiction
Native American Hopi infants spend the first year of life strapped to a board, yet they begin to walk at about the same as children who are reared in other cultures.

A

True
Native American Hopi infants spend the first year of life strapped to a board yet begin to walk at about the same time as children who are reared in other cultures. This finding is strong evidence of a powerful role in maturation.

56
Q

Nature

A

Provides the limits – the “reaction range”– for the expression of inherited traits

57
Q

Nurture

A

Determines whether the child will develop skills that reach the upper limits of the range

58
Q

Development of Vision

A

Involves:
* Visual Acuity or sharpness
* Peripheral vision (seeing things at the sides while looking ahead)
* Depth perception
* Perceptual Constancies (knowing that an object remains the same object when seen from a different angle)

59
Q

Development of Visual Acuity

A
  • Newborns are born nearsighted 20/600
  • Dramatic gains occur between birth and six months, with acuity reaching 20/50
  • By 3 to 5 years old visual acuity reaches adult levels 20/20
60
Q

Development of Peripheral Vision

A
  • Adults perceive objects that are nearly 90% off to the side
  • Neonates cannot perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side by an angle of more than 30%
  • Infants’ peripheral vision expands to an angle of 45% by seven weeks
  • Their peripheral vision is equal to that of an adult by six months.
61
Q

Development of Depth Perception

A

Many infants respond to cues for depth by the time they are able to crawl (6 to 8 months) and have a good sense to avoid “going off the deep end.”

62
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

perceiving objects as maintaining their identity, although sensations from them change as their positions change.

63
Q

Size Constancy

A

The tendency to perceive the same objects as being of the same size even though their retinal sizes vary as a function of their distance.

64
Q

Shape Constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape even though, when perceived from another angle, the shape projected onto the retina may change dramatically.

65
Q

Habituation

A

Becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it.

66
Q

Development of Hearing

A

*Neonates orient their heads in the direction of a sound
* By 3 and half months they can discriminate their parent’s voice
*By 18 months the hearing is similar to adults

67
Q

Evidence of Nature in Perceptual Development

A
  • Can see nearby objects and hearing is fine
  • Tracks moving objects, systematically scans the horizon and prefers certain kind of stimuli
  • Preferences for different kinds of visual stimuli appear to unfold in first few months
  • Sensory changes, as with motor changes, appear to be linked to maturation of the nervous system
68
Q

Evidence of Nurture in Perceptual Development

A

*Children and lower animals have critical periods in their perceptual development
*Failure to receive adequate sensory stimulation during this period can result in permanent sensory deficits.

Human Growth & Development (15 decks)

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